@misc{Lexicon of Arguments, title = {Quotation from: Lexicon of Arguments – Concepts - Ed. Martin Schulz, 28 Mar 2024}, author = {Dupré,John}, subject = {Interpretation}, note = {Perler I 301 Interpretation/SeboekVs Ape language research: three main lines of criticism: 1. Inaccurate observation and/or recording 2. Overinterpretation of the monkey behavior. 3. Unconscious influence ("Kluger Hans effect"). >Experiments, >Experiments/Dupré. Ad 1. the records of Washoe's behavior are different from the video recordings: e.g. instead of the sign for "you me/me" in reality that for "you me/me you from me". Ad 2. Overinterpretation: "if we can extract from the confused message, what the monkey tries to say, the monkey can also do that". The listener always requires a degree of interpretation. I 302 Pro. Chimpanzees usually operate at a high level of excitement. I 303 Interpretation/Dupré: the controversial interpretations of the sign langauge signs of apes require the assumption of a theoretical background, according to which the monkeys try to communicate something. And that is not undisputed! >Animals, >Animal language. I 304 It is impossible to ask whether monkeys say anything without assuming at least as a working hypothesis that they are trying to do just that. Reproducibility/Test/Dupré: the reproducibility that is aimed at is precisely contrary to the hoped-for spontaneity, which is particularly difficult to repeat. A) language as a set of stereotypes, is supposed to ensure purely causal and semantically innocent manipulation, rather allows repetitions, B) Creative language is expected to have less repetitions. Ad 3: The trainer of a monkey spends most of his life (and the life of the monkey) with it. Distance and emotionlessness is simply not to be expected here. I 306 Interpretation/Dupré: there is always a (though not necessarily fatal) circularity. Symbol use/animal: Monkeys are not able to generalize from a kind of use without elaborate training. >Symbols, >Signs, cf. >Language use. Dupré: obviously, monkeys can learn to use symbols, to refer to absent and announce actions. They can even teach each other symbols. I 307 A dwarf chimpanzee acquired language skills without special training. Orangutans: gain better results than chimpanzees or gorillas despite a quieter temper in different cognitive tests. >Cognition. John Dupré, 1991. "Conversation with Apes. Reflections on the Scientific Study of language". In: Investigating Psychology, Science of Mind after Wittgenstein, J. Hyman (ed.) London, New York: Routledge}, note = { Dupré I John Dupré "Conversations with Apes. Reflections on the Scientific Study of Language", in: Investigating Psychology. Sciences of the Mind after Wittgenstein, J. Hyman (Ed) London/New York 1991, pp. 95-116 In Der Geist der Tiere, D Perler/M. Wild, Frankfurt/M. 2005 Perler I Dominik Perler Markus Wild Der Geist der Tiere Frankfurt 2005 }, file = {http://philosophy-science-humanities-controversies.com/listview-details.php?id=378551} url = {http://philosophy-science-humanities-controversies.com/listview-details.php?id=378551} }