I 310
Species/Evolution/Kauffman: it is estimated that between 99% and 99.9% of all species that have ever existed are extinct again.
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Extinction, >
Evolution, >
Survival.
Today: probably between 10 and 100 million species.
Probably between 10 and 100 billion species have emerged and disappeared in the course of time.
I 310/311
Fitness landscape/Co-evolution/Kauffman: changes when the environment changes. Predator-prey-cycles. Both have a fitness landscape, but the two are combined!
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Co-evolution.
Co-evolution/Kauffman: changes not only the organisms (predator/prey) but also their interrelationship! This changes not only the respective fitness landscape, but also the elasticity of their relationships.
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Fitness landscape, >
Fitness.
Thus, the process of co-evolution itself is subject to evolution.
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Levels/order, >
Description Levels.
Selection/Kauffman: starts at the level of the individual. The mystery is that the emergent order of communities reflects this selection of individuals.
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Selection, >
Individuals.
I 312
Predator-prey-cycle/Kauffman: either long-term transition to a steady state (parallel) or long-term shifted sinusoidal fluctuations, then "boundary cycle".
I 315
Evolution/Communities/Kauffman: Question: How do biocoenoses form? We do not know it.
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Life, >
Life/Kauffman.
When you fence an area (ecotope) the composition of the species always changes. After removing the fence, however, the original composition is not restored!
"Community fitness landscape": after the change, the community climbs another summit. At a summit, a community cannot accept new species. Saturation limit.
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Coincidence.
I 320
Problem: it does not make sense to talk about community fitness right from the start! The success of immigration does not depend directly on whether it increases the fitness of the community!
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Niches.
Now, however, the simulations behave as if community fitness existed. In the model (not in reality) we see here an emergent phenomenon.
Extinction events/extinction/Kauffman: the extinction of species occurs according to the pattern of avalanches in sand heaps, many small, few large avalanches, unpredictable, potency law.
N.B.: the decision on how the interrelationship between species is formed, who is predator and who is prey, is based on a random distribution.
I 320
Mitochondria/Kauffman: have penetrated the cells at some point and started the complicated interaction mechanism that has been stable for about one billion years. Highly complex problem.
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Complexity.
Def Mutualism: Mitochondria keep up the stable population by the speed of their divisions, the cell enjoys the energetic fruits of these efforts.
I 322
"Red Queen Effect"/Kauffman: (Alice): "You must run as fast as you can to stay in the same place".
I 323
Co-evolution/Niche/Kauffman: the goods and services in a community (economic network) exist only because they are useful as an intermediate or final product. These are the niches created by other goods and services.
Niche/Kauffman: each species lives in a niche created by other species (>benefit for others).
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Niches.
