Lexicon of Arguments

Philosophical and Scientific Issues in Dispute
 
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Fraassen I 122
Definition Explanation/W. Salmon: (new): consists in the demonstration of the relevant part of the causal network that leads to the events that have to be explained. Sometimes it is about investigating forwards and backwards in the network. E.g. Barometer:
>Relevance - ->Common cause.
- - -
Schurz I 234
Probability /Explanation/W.Salmon/Ontology/Schurz: (Salmon 1971(1), 63, 1984(2)): Ex If an improbable event occurs, the explanation must contain the statement of the low probability value! And this is then the reason! Ex In a Mendelian crossing experiment, the probability for red is 75% and for white 25%. Then the occurrence of white must be justified with the probability of 25 % (against 75 %)!
Logical form: "p(white(x) I Ax) = 25 %, Ab// (0.25) white(b)".
Although the antecedent here lowers the probability of the explanadum event!
I 235
Salmon: Therefore, we may only require the antecedent to be positively or negatively relevant.
Hempel/Schurz: The late Hempel was convinced that.
>Explanation/Hempel.
CartwrighVsSalmon: It is counterintuitive to say that the event occurred because some factor was present that made it improbable.
Solution/Humphreys/Schurz: (Humphreys 1989(3),117) we refer to these as countercauses. (Schurz pro). We then say that the event occurred even though the antecedent occurred.
>Explanation/Cartwright.

1. Salmon, W. et al. (1971). Statistical explanation and Statistical Relvance (with Contributions by R.C. Jeffrey and J.G. Greeno). London: University of Pittsburg Press.
2. Salmon, W. (1984) Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton University Press.
3. Humphreys, P. (1989). The Chances of Explanation. Princeton University Press.

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