Economics Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Competition: Competition is a rivalry or contest between individuals or groups striving for a common goal, often involving effort, skill, or resources._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Psychological Theories on Competition - Dictionary of Arguments
Haslam I 11 Competition/psychological theories: Norman Triplett (Triplett 1898)(1) found out, that the presence of other people affects us as individuals. A competitor [or an audience] might lead most individuals to try harder and exert more effort than they would when working alone. Def Social facilitation/Karau/Williams: Social facilitation refers to a tendency for the presence of other people (as co-actors or observers) to enhance our performance on simple or well-learned tasks, but to reduce it on complex or unfamiliar tasks (Geen, 1991(2); Zajonc, 1965(3)). >Social Facilitation. Def Social loafing/Karau/Williams: refers to a tendency for individuals to reduce their efforts when working with others on group or collective tasks (Latané et al., 1979(4)). >Social loafing. Over time, many hundreds of studies have been conducted on social facilitation and social loafing, and a host of theories have been proposed to explain how and why various group and social factors affect individual effort and motivation (Bond and Titus, 1983(5); Karau and Williams, 1993(6)). Triplett’s work is also frequently recognized as seminal to the development of sports psychology (Davis et al., 1995(7)). >Competition/Triplett. 1. Triplett, N. (1898) ‘The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition’, American Journal of Psychology, 9: 507–33. 2. Geen, R.G. (1991) ‘Social motivation’, Annual Review of Psychology, 42: 377–99. 3. Zajonc, R.B. (1965) ‘Social facilitation’, Science, 149: 269–74. 4. Latané, B., Williams, K.D. and Harkins, S.G. (1979) ‘Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37: 822–32. 5. Bond, C.F. and Titus, T.J. (1983) ‘Social facilitation: A meta-analysis of 241 studies’, Psychological Bulletin, 94: 265–92. 6. Karau, S.J. and Williams, K.D. (1993) ‘Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65: 681–706. 7. Davis, S.F., Huss, M.T. and Becker, A.H. (1995) ‘Norman Triplett and the dawning of sport psychology’, The Sport Psychologist, 9: 366–75. Steven J. Karau and Kipling D. Williams, “Social Facilitation and Social Loafing. Revisiting Triplett’s competition studies”, in: Joanne R. Smith and S. Alexander Haslam (eds.) 2017. Social Psychology. Revisiting the Classic Studies. London: Sage Publications_____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Psychological Theories Haslam I S. Alexander Haslam Joanne R. Smith Social Psychology. Revisiting the Classic Studies London 2017 |
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