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Answer: An answer is a statement made in response to an antecedent question. It is partly determined by that question, in that either the same objects or the same attributed properties are mentioned in both question and answer. See also commands, questions, speech act theory.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

Stuart J. Russell on Answers - Dictionary of Arguments

Norvig I 471
Answer/Answer sets/AI research/Norvig/Russell: Answer set programming can be seen as an extension of negation as failure or as a refinement of circumscription;
Norvig I 472
the underlying theory of stable model semantics was introduced by Gelfond and Lifschitz (1988)(1), and the leading answer set programming systems are DLV (Eiter et al., 1998)(2) and SMODELS (Niemel¨a et al., 2000)(3). The disk drive example comes from the SMODELS user manual (Syrj¨anen, 2000)(4). Lifschitz (2001(5)) discusses the use of answer set programming for planning. Brewka et al. (1997)(6) give a good overview of the various approaches to nonmonotonic logic. Clark (1978)(7) covers the negation-as-failure approach to logic programming and Clark completion. Van Emden and Kowalski (1976)(8) show that every Prolog program without negation has a unique minimal model. Recent years have seen renewed interest in applications of nonmonotonic logics to large-scale knowledge representation systems.

1. Gelfond, M. and Lifschitz, V. (1988). Compiling circumscriptive theories into logic programs. In Non-
Monotonic Reasoning: 2nd International Workshop Proceedings, pp. 74–99.
2. Eiter, T., Leone, N., Mateis, C., Pfeifer, G., and Scarcello, F. (1998). The KR system dlv: Progress report, comparisons and benchmarks. In KR-98, pp. 406–417.
3. Niemela, I., Simons, P., and Syrj¨anen, T. (2000). Smodels: A system for answer set programming.
In Proc. 8th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning.
4. Syrjanen, T. (2000). Lparse 1.0 user’s manual.saturn.tcs.hut.fi/Software/smodels.
5. Lifschitz, V. (2001). Answer set programming and plan generation. AIJ, 138(1–2), 39–54.
6. Brewka, G., Dix, J., and Konolige, K. (1997). Nononotonic Reasoning: An Overview. CSLI Publications.
7. Clark, K. L. (1978). Negation as failure. In Gallaire, H. and Minker, J. (Eds.), Logic and Data Bases, pp. 293–322. Plenum.
8. Van Emden, M. H. and Kowalski, R. (1976). The semantics of predicate logic as a programming language. JACM, 23(4), 733–742.


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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.

Russell I
B. Russell/A.N. Whitehead
Principia Mathematica Frankfurt 1986

Russell II
B. Russell
The ABC of Relativity, London 1958, 1969
German Edition:
Das ABC der Relativitätstheorie Frankfurt 1989

Russell IV
B. Russell
The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford 1912
German Edition:
Probleme der Philosophie Frankfurt 1967

Russell VI
B. Russell
"The Philosophy of Logical Atomism", in: B. Russell, Logic and KNowledge, ed. R. Ch. Marsh, London 1956, pp. 200-202
German Edition:
Die Philosophie des logischen Atomismus
In
Eigennamen, U. Wolf (Hg), Frankfurt 1993

Russell VII
B. Russell
On the Nature of Truth and Falsehood, in: B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford 1912 - Dt. "Wahrheit und Falschheit"
In
Wahrheitstheorien, G. Skirbekk (Hg), Frankfurt 1996

Norvig I
Peter Norvig
Stuart J. Russell
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Upper Saddle River, NJ 2010


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