Economics Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Electoral systems: Electoral systems, also known as voting systems, are the set of rules that determine how elections are conducted and how their results are translated into the allocation of seats or other power. They encompass various methods, including majoritarian systems, proportional representation, and mixed systems. See also Electoral rules, Political Elections, Democracy, Parliamentary system, Democracy._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Policy of the United States on Electoral Systems - Dictionary of Arguments
Levitsky I 48 Electoral Systems/Policy of the United States/Levitsky/Ziblatt: The American presidents (...) are not members of parliament, and they are not elected by Congress. Levitsky I 49 Dilemma: On the one hand, [the authors of the American Constitution] did not want to install a monarch at the head of the state, but an elected president, one who fulfilled their idea of a republican people's government and reflected the will of the people. On the other hand, they did not fully trust the people's ability to decide whether a candidate was suitable for office. >Political Elections/Hamilton. Levitsky I 50 Political Parties: The rise of political parties in the early 19th century changed the way our electoral system functions. The electors became party representatives, which means that the electoral college handed over its guardian function to the parties, which have kept it ever since. Parties thus became the guardians of American democracy. Levitsky I 51 19th century: Delegates were not elected by the people, but were sent by local and state party committees, and they were not tied to any particular candidate. However, they usually followed the instructions of the party leaders, who sent them to the convents(1). Levitsky I 52 Solution: In the Progressive Era (the 1890s to 1920s), primary elections were introduced, first in Wisconsin in 1901; in 1916, primary elections were held in two dozen states. Problem: (...) [these primaries] changed little, partly because this tool was not used in many states, but mainly because delegates were not required to support the successful candidate in the primary. Levitsky I 60 20th century: The so-called Battle of Michigan Avenue encroached upon the Congress Hall itself. In his nomination speech for anti-war candidate George McGovern, Senator Abraham Ribicoff from Connecticut condemned the "gestapo methods" of the Chicago police, looking directly at Mayor Daley - live on television. NBC presenter Chet Huntley, who watched in horror, exclaimed: "This is certainly the first time that police officers have ever entered a convention hall. His co-host David Brinkley added: "In the United States."(2) The events in Chicago triggered a profound reform. Since the political system was at stake, the party felt compelled to fundamentally revise the nomination process for presidential candidates (3) (...). The result was a system of binding pre-elections. Since 1972, the vast majority of Democratic and Republican convention delegates have been elected in state primaries and caucuses (party conferences). A preliminary selection of delegates is made by the candidates for the presidential candidacy themselves in order to be sure of their loyalty. >Political Parties/Levitsky/Ziblatt, >Political Elections/Alexander Hamilton. 1. James W. Ceaser, Reforming the Reforms. A Critical Analysis of the Presidential Selection Process, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1982, p. 19-21. 2. »A Look Back at the 1968 Democratic Convention«, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUKzSsVmnpY, last retrieved on 11/05 2017. 3. Ceaser, Presidential Selection, p. 273._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Policy of the United States | ||
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