Economics Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Similarity metrics: a measure of similarity. It is a problem in relation to possible worlds that it is not always determinable which one of two worlds is closer in relation to a third._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Jaakko Hintikka on Similarity Metrics - Dictionary of Arguments
II 192 Similarity/semantics of possible worlds/similarity metrics/Hintikka: similarity can be ascertained in two ways: 1. Ask what the maximum distance between possible worlds is. 2. Ask what the minimum distance is. Ad 1.: the factuality condition causes the distance to be zero (minimum distance). That is, that a given world is within its own alternatives. II 193 Intentionality/Hintikka: the failure of similarity metrics is an interesting criterion for intentionality. >Intentionality/Hintikka. E.g. knowledge, for this reason, is less intentional than belief. Factuality/Hintikka: the expression of factuality is misleading in the way that we can look at a lot of possible worlds, excluding the actual world, e.g. deontology. Deontology/semantics of possible worlds/Hintikka: with deontology it could be that we exclude the actual world from the set of possible worlds ((s) that we consider only desirable that deviate from reality). Hintikka: the idea is that whatever is compulsory in a given world is true in each of its deontic alternatives - because these alternatives would be deontically perfect worlds. Deontology/Hintikka: deontology is according to this explanation non-intentional. Phenomenology/Hintikka: the failure of the factuality condition is closely related to the ideas of phenomenology. Phenomenology is decisive for the possible non-existence of an object to which a mental act is directed. Act/Brentano/Hintikka: thesis: the object can be "non-existent" in it. Husserl/Hintikka: thesis: objects of files are judicial or otherwise propositional. Non-existence/intentionality/Brentano/Husserl/Hintikka: non-existence leads to a failure of factuality. Therefore, the failure of factuality is an important criterion for the understanding of phenomenology. Similarity Metrics/similarity/possible worlds/Hintikka: e.g. knowledge. Knowledge/belief/semantics of possible worlds/Hintikka: the maximum distance between worlds allowed by knowledge is greater than the maximum distance in the case of belief. Because knowledge entails belief, the worlds of belief are within the set of knowledge-worlds. According to the unrevised criterion, belief would be more intentional than knowledge. Vs: the opposite is the case. Logically Possible/Hintikka: some logically possible worlds are wilder and further away from the actual world than worlds that one believes. Nevertheless, logical modalities are less intentional than propositional attitudes. Problem: the measure of the maximum distance provides false results if we are dealing with different intensional terms. II 196 Condition c: "What is, is necessary what it is and no other thing." Intentionality/Hintikka: that the failure of (c) (preservation of identity, VsSeparation) is a criterion for them, can be seen in their behavior in changing concepts: necessity (logical, physical, and analytical) satisfies condition c). ("What is, is necessary what it is and no other thing".) Conversely, certain other concepts are obviously more intentional than necessity, and they violate c). >Logical necessity, >Analytical necessity. II 197 E.g. "Not everything what is, is so that it is known what it is, nor that it is no other thing"._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Hintikka I Jaakko Hintikka Merrill B. Hintikka Investigating Wittgenstein German Edition: Untersuchungen zu Wittgenstein Frankfurt 1996 Hintikka II Jaakko Hintikka Merrill B. Hintikka The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic Dordrecht 1989 |
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