Economics Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Sanctions: Sanctions are coercive measures imposed by one country or group of countries against another country, organization, or individual to encourage a change in behavior, punish non-compliance with international norms or laws, or achieve specific policy objectives._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Gary C. Hufbauer on Sanctions - Dictionary of Arguments
Pape I 91 Sanctions/Hufbauer/Schott/Elliott/Pape: The key evidence that sanctions can achieve ambitious foreign policy goals is the study by Gary Hufbauer, Jeffrey Schott, and Kimberly Ann Elliot (hereafter HSE) - a reconsideration of the empirical record in the first large-N study of sanctions episodesfirst published in 1985 and updated in 1990(1). Pape I 98 Evaluation of the Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliot Database Pape: Hufbauer, Schott, and Elliot seek to measure the effectiveness of economic sanctions in what they identify as the universe of economic sanctions employed from 1914 to 1990. Their dependent variable, "the success of an economic sanctions episode as viewed from the perspective of the sender country," has two parts. The policy result measures the degree to which the coercer's policy objectives were achieved, and the sanctions contribution is the degree to which sanctions contributed to this outcome. Both are scaled from 1 to 4: policy result: (1) "failed outcome," (2) "unclear but possibly positive outcome," (3) "positive outcome ... a somewhat successful result," or (4) "successful outcome"; and sanctions contribution: (1) "zero or negative contribution," (2) "minor contribution," (3) "modest contribution," or (4) "significant contribution." A product of 9 or higher (3 or more on the higher scale) is counted as a sanctions success.(2) Pape I 99 Sanctions objectives/Hufbauer/Schott/Elliott(3): (1) modest changes in target state behavior, "illustrated by human rights and nuclear nonproliferation"; (2) destabilization of the target government; (3) disruption of a minor military adventure, "illustrated by the U.K. sanctions against Argentina over the Falklands Islands"; (4) impairing the military potential of the target country, "illustrated by World Wars I and II"; and (5) major changes in target country's policies, "including surrender of territory."(4) >Sanctions, >Sanctions consequences, >Sanctions debate, >Sanctions effectiveness, >Sanctions evasion, >Sanctions history, >Sanctions policies, >Sanctions theory, >Trade sanctions, >Financial sanctions. 1. Hufbauer, Gary C., Jeffrey J. Schott, and Kimberly A. Elliott. 1990. Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute. 2. "Modest contribution" (3) is illustrated by the withdrawal of Dutch and U.S. economic aid to Suriname between 1982 and 1988, while "significant contribution" (4) is illustrated by U.S. success in destabilizing the government of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic in 1960-61. Actually, economic sanctions made no contribution in either case. See Appendix, cases 27 and 25. HSE, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, Vol. 1, pp. 41-42, 49–50. 3. Ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 2-3, 36-37. 4. Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 38._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Hufbauer I Gary C. Hufbauer Jeffrey J. Schott Kimberly A. Elliott, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered: History and Current Policy. 2nd ed Washington, DC: Peterson Institute. 1990 Pape I Robert A. Pape Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work International Security, Volume 22, Issue 2 (Autumn, 1997), 90-136. 1997 |
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