Psychology Dictionary of Arguments

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Errors: An error is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. It can be a mistake in action, speech, or belief. Errors can be caused by human mistakes, computer faults, and incorrect measurement. See also Knoiwledge, Correctness, Confirmation, Falsification, Measurements, Observation, Certainty.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

Peter Norvig on Errors - Dictionary of Arguments

Norvig I 710
Errors/Norvig/Russell: minimiz[ing] the error rate … is not the full story. E.g., It is worse to classify non-spam as spam (and thus potentially miss an important message) then to classify spam as non-spam (and thus suffer a few seconds of annoyance). So a classifier with a 1% error rate, where almost all the errors were classifying spam as non-spam, would be better than a classifier with only a 0.5% error rate, if most of those errors were classifying non-spam as spam.
Artificial Intelligence: In machine learning it is traditional to express LOSS FUNCTION utilities by means of a loss function. The loss
function L(x, y, ˆy) is defined as the amount of utility lost by predicting h(x)= ˆy when the correct answer is f(x)=y:
L(x, y, ˆy) = Utility(result of using y given an input x)
− Utility(result of using ˆy given an input x)
>Learning theory/Norvig
, >Learning/AI Research.
Norvig I 757
Sometimes not all errors are equal. A loss function tells us how bad each error is; the goal is then to minimize loss over a validation set.

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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.

Norvig I
Peter Norvig
Stuart J. Russell
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Upper Saddle River, NJ 2010


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