Psychology Dictionary of Arguments

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Explanation: making a statement in relation to an event, a state, a change or an action that was described before by a deviating statement. The statement will often try to involve circumstances, history, logical premises, causes and causality. See also description, statements, theories, understanding, literal truth, best explanation, causality, cause, completeness.
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Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

 
Author Concept Summary/Quotes Sources

Chad Forbes on Explanation - Dictionary of Arguments

Haslam I 252
Explanation/stereotype threat/Forbes/Schmader: Thesis: we proposed an integrated process model of stereotype threat whereby priming stereotype threat elicits a cascade of stress-based physiological, negative appraisal, self-regulatory and performance-monitoring processes as people try to make sense of and cope with this threat to their identity (Schmader et al., 2008)(1).
Manipulations of stereotype threat impair working memory (Schmader and Johns, 2003)(2), impair performance on working- memory-intensive tasks (Beilock et al., 2007)(3), and have their strongest effects on those with lower working-memory capacity (Régner et al., 2010)(4). Furthermore, although the original studies did not find clear evidence of increased anxiety under stereotype threat, subsequent research has established that it increases physiological biomarkers of stress including higher blood pressure (Blascovich, et al., 2001)(5) and skin conductance (Osborne, 2006(6), 2007(7)). This autonomic stress response is coupled with negative appraisal processes as stereotype-threatened individuals sometimes report heightened levels of explicit (Spencer et al., 1999)(8) and implicit anxiety (Johns et aL, 2008(9); Bosson et al., 2004(10)), negative expectations (Sekaquaptewa et al., 2007(10); Stangor et al., 1998(12)), feelings of dejection (Keller and Dauenheimer, 2003)(13), and task-related worries (Beilock et al., 2007(3); Cadinu et al., 2005(14)).
>Stereotype threat/Forbes/Schmader
, >Stereotype threat/Psychological theories, >Stereotypes/Social psychology.


1. Schmader, T., Johns, M. and Forbes, C. (2008) ‘An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance’, Psychological Review, 115: 336—56.
2. Schmader, T. and Johns, M. (2003) ‘Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity’,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 440—52.
3. Beilock, S.L., Rydell, R.J. and McConnell, A.R. (2007) ‘Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2): 256-76
4. Régner, I., Smeding, A., Gimmig, D., Thinus-Blanc, C., Monteil,J. and Huguet, P. (2010) ‘Individual differences in working memory moderate stereotype-threat effects’, Psychological Science, 21: 1646—8.
5. Blascovich,J., Spencer, S.J., Quinn, D. and Steele, C. (2001) ‘African Americans and high blood pressure: The role of stereotype threat’, Psychological Science, 12: 22 5—9.
6. Osborne,J.W. (2006) ‘Gender, stereotype threat and anxiety: Psychophysiological and cognitive evidence’, Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 8: 109—3 8.
7. Osborne, J.W. (2007) ‘Linking stereotype threat and anxiety’, Educational Psychology, 27: 135—54.
8. Spencer, S.J., Steele, C.M. and Quinn, D.M. (1999) ‘Stereotype threat and women’s math performance’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35:4—28.
9. Johns, M., Inzucht, M. and Schmader, T. (2008) Stereotype threat and executive resource depletion: Examining the influence of emotion regulation’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137: 691—705.
10. Sekaquaptewa, D., Waidman, A. and Thompson, M. (2007) So1o status and self-construal:
Being distinctive influences racial self-construal and performance apprehension in
African American women’, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13:321— 7.
11. Stangor, C., Carr, C. and Kiang, L. (1998) ‘Activating stereotypes undermines task performance expectations’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 1 191—7.
13. Keller, J. and Dauenheimer, D. (2003) 1Stereotype threat in the classroom: Dejection mediates the disrupting threat effect on womens math performance’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29: 371—81.
14. Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Rosabianca, A. and Kiesner,J. (2005) Why do women underperform under stereotype threat?’, Psychological Science, 16: 5 72—8.


Toni Schmader and Chad Forbes, “Stereotypes and Performance. Revisiting Steele and Aronson’s stereotypes threat experiments”, in: Joanne R. Smith and S. Alexander Haslam (eds.) 2017. Social Psychology. Revisiting the Classic Studies. London: Sage Publications

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Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments
The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition.
Forbes, H. Donald
Haslam I
S. Alexander Haslam
Joanne R. Smith
Social Psychology. Revisiting the Classic Studies London 2017


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