Psychology Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Reinforcement: Reinforcement in psychology is a methodological assuumption in behaviorism used to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. It involves providing a stimulus after a desired behavior. Positive reinforcement adds a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus. See also Behaviorism, Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Conditioning, Stimuli._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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John B. Watson on Reinforcement - Dictionary of Arguments
Upton I 11 Reinforcement/conditioning/learning/Watson/Upton: Watson thesis: learning occurs through operant conditioning, when an association is made between a behaviour and the consequence of that behaviour. Two kinds of reinforcers: Positive reinforcers are favourable outcomes presented after the behaviour. In positive reinforcement, a response or behaviour is strengthened by the addition of something such as praise or a direct reward. Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an unfavourable outcome after the display of a behaviour. In negative reinforcement a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant. Punisment/Watson: two kinds: Positive punishment involves the presentation of an unfavourable outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Negative punishment occurs when a favourable outcome is removed after a behaviour occurs. Current Research/Upton: Although we now believe development to be far more complex than behaviourism allows, modern application of many of the ideas presented in Watson’s learning theory can still be found, most especially in Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) – an intervention programme often used with children with behavioural or learning difficulties. >Conditioning, >Behaviorism, >Reinforcement learning, >Learning, >Reinforcement sensitivity._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Watson, John B. Upton I Penney Upton Developmental Psychology 2011 |
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> Counter arguments in relation to Reinforcement
