Economics Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Question: a sentence within a communication context that requires one or more further sentences (see also answers). The question in many languages is characterized by a slightly altered word position, as opposed to the corresponding sentence, as well as an attached or pre-set symbol (question symbol). A response is not guaranteed and does not have to be done so that a question retains its form and content. See also statements, commands, sentences, speech act theory._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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Jaakko Hintikka on Questions - Dictionary of Arguments
II XVII Question/answer/Hintikka: the key to a theory of questions and answers lies in the relation of a question to its exhaustive answer. Epistemic Logic: epistemic logic provides the solution. >Epistemic logic. --- II 18 Questions/answers/Hintikka: the most important application of epistemic logic is a theory of question and answer. E.g.: (1.1) Who lives here? Is constructed as: (1.2) Make that I know who lives here. II 19 Answer/Hintikka: problem: when does a reply d on a W-question fulfill its purpose? Of course, if it makes the desideratum: (1.3) "I know who lives here" true. But what does the answer "d" do? Obviously: (1.4) I know d lives here. Answer/Hintikka: the problem is when (1.4.) implies (1.3). Logical Form: the logical form of (1.3) and (1.4) is (1.5) (Ex) {I} K (x lives here) and (1.6) {I} K (d lives here). Epistemic Logic/response/quantifier/operator/Hintikka: that is, the operational problem is when (1.6) implies (1.5). It is about the interplay of quantifiers and epistemic operators. II 19 Knowledge/w-questions/knowing/Hintikka: the right treatment is ensured by a series of steps. II 20 (i) Cross-World Identity/Hintikka: cross-world identity must be assumed as solved, so that we can use our quantifiers. >Cross world identity. World Line/Hintikka: world lines should connect the counterparts of an individual in different worlds. >World lines. If we have a web of world lines (in relation to a subject of knowledge), we have truth conditions for quantified sentences in an epistemic logic of the 1st level. Truths Conditions: the truth conditions solve Quine's problem here ((s) of the cross-world identity) or transform them into problems how the world lines are to be drawn. (ii) Individual Area/individual/existence/possible worlds/Hintikka: it cannot be assumed that the same individuals exist in all models. When we speak of z as an element of the actual world, we must assume that it exists in this world, so that it has a bona fide value of the quantifiers, which also applies, among others, in the actual world. II 98 W-questions/who/what/where/Hintikka: thesis: w-questions are nothing but quantified phrases. II 99 Logical Form: (1) John knows who the Prime Minister of Norway is. As a that-construction: (2) (Ex) John knows that (the Prime Minister of Norway = x) (= de dicto). Problem: you have to specify the domain of the individual that the variable "x" passes ((s) quotation marks from Hintikka). II 102 W-Questions/non-existence/Hintikka: variant: problem: (7) John knows that Homer did not exist. That is, in any epistemically possible world of John, Homer does not exist. This implies that it makes sense to ask for existence. >Non-existence. Uniqueness/existence/Hintikka: i.e. we must distinguish between the existence and the uniqueness (determinateness) of an individual. Non-existence/Hintikka: non-existence does not make the identity of the individual unknown. _____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Hintikka I Jaakko Hintikka Merrill B. Hintikka Investigating Wittgenstein German Edition: Untersuchungen zu Wittgenstein Frankfurt 1996 Hintikka II Jaakko Hintikka Merrill B. Hintikka The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic Dordrecht 1989 |
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