Dictionary of Arguments


Philosophical and Scientific Issues in Dispute
 
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The author or concept searched is found in the following 2 entries.
Disputed term/author/ism Author
Entry
Reference
Fitness Landscape Norvig Norvig I 155
Fitness landscape/Norvig/Russell: Work by Sewall Wright (1931)(1) on the concept of a fitness landscape was an important precursor to the development of genetic algorithms. >Optimization, >Genetic algorithms, >Local minima, >Search algorithms. In the 1950s, several statisticians, including Box (1957)(2) and Friedman (1959)(3), used evolutionary techniques for optimization problems, but it wasn’t until Rechenberg (1965)(4) introduced evolution strategies to solve optimization problems for airfoils that the approach gained popularity.



1. Wright, S. (1931). Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16, 97–159.
2. Box, G. E. P. (1957). Evolutionary operation: A method of increasing industrial productivity. Applied
Statistics, 6, 81–101.
3. Friedman, G. J. (1959). Digital simulation of an evolutionary process. General Systems Yearbook, 4,
171–184.
4. Rechenberg, I. (1965). Cybernetic solution path of an experimental problem. Library translation 1122, Royal Aircraft Establishment

Norvig I
Peter Norvig
Stuart J. Russell
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Upper Saddle River, NJ 2010

Fitness Landscape Russell Norvig I 155
Fitness landscape/Norvig/Russell: Work by Sewall Wright (1931)(1) on the concept of a fitness landscape was an important precursor to the development of genetic algorithms. >Optimization, >Genetic algorithms, >Local minima, >Search algorithms.
In the 1950s, several statisticians, including Box (1957)(2) and Friedman (1959)(3), used evolutionary techniques for optimization problems, but it wasn’t until Rechenberg (1965)(4) introduced evolution strategies to solve optimization problems for airfoils that the approach gained popularity.

1. Wright, S. (1931). Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics, 16, 97–159.
2. Box, G. E. P. (1957). Evolutionary operation: A method of increasing industrial productivity. Applied
Statistics, 6, 81–101.
3. Friedman, G. J. (1959). Digital simulation of an evolutionary process. General Systems Yearbook, 4,
171–184.
4. Rechenberg, I. (1965). Cybernetic solution path of an experimental problem. Library translation 1122, Royal Aircraft Establishment

Russell I
B. Russell/A.N. Whitehead
Principia Mathematica Frankfurt 1986

Russell II
B. Russell
The ABC of Relativity, London 1958, 1969
German Edition:
Das ABC der Relativitätstheorie Frankfurt 1989

Russell IV
B. Russell
The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford 1912
German Edition:
Probleme der Philosophie Frankfurt 1967

Russell VI
B. Russell
"The Philosophy of Logical Atomism", in: B. Russell, Logic and KNowledge, ed. R. Ch. Marsh, London 1956, pp. 200-202
German Edition:
Die Philosophie des logischen Atomismus
In
Eigennamen, U. Wolf (Hg) Frankfurt 1993

Russell VII
B. Russell
On the Nature of Truth and Falsehood, in: B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford 1912 - Dt. "Wahrheit und Falschheit"
In
Wahrheitstheorien, G. Skirbekk (Hg) Frankfurt 1996


Norvig I
Peter Norvig
Stuart J. Russell
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Upper Saddle River, NJ 2010

The author or concept searched is found in the following controversies.
Disputed term/author/ism Author Vs Author
Entry
Reference
Darwin, Ch. Kauffman Vs Darwin, Ch. Dennett I 309
KauffmanVsDarwin: a definition of the early development and thus of Baer s laws do not represent a specific mechanism   Rather the definition of early development reflects the fact that the number of ways in which living things can be improved, shrunk faster than the number of paths in the later development.
KauffmanVsDarwin: according to his theory, the evolution takes place only by the gradual accumulation of advantageous variants.
Kauffman I 27
KauffmanVs: according to that the first multicellular organisms would have evolved apart! That was obviously not the case: one of the most puzzling features of the Cambrian explosion is that the taxonomic system was filled from top to bottom. Selection / Kauffman: there is a second boundary of the selection: it not only fails in random landscapes.
I 278
KauffmanVsDarwin: the selection may also fail in uniform fitness landscapes, the "heartland" of Darwinism: it can trigger an error catastrophe.   E.g. a bacterial species with initially identical individuals can be scattered from a local peak, down, simply because the mutation rate is too high!

Kau II
Stuart Kauffman
At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995

Kauffman I
St. Kauffman
At Home in the Universe, New York 1995
German Edition:
Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998

Dennett I
D. Dennett
Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, New York 1995
German Edition:
Darwins gefährliches Erbe Hamburg 1997

Dennett II
D. Dennett
Kinds of Minds, New York 1996
German Edition:
Spielarten des Geistes Gütersloh 1999

Dennett III
Daniel Dennett
"COG: Steps towards consciousness in robots"
In
Bewusstein, Thomas Metzinger Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1996

Dennett IV
Daniel Dennett
"Animal Consciousness. What Matters and Why?", in: D. C. Dennett, Brainchildren. Essays on Designing Minds, Cambridge/MA 1998, pp. 337-350
In
Der Geist der Tiere, D Perler/M. Wild Frankfurt/M. 2005

The author or concept searched is found in the following theses of the more related field of specialization.
Disputed term/author/ism Author
Entry
Reference
Evolution Kauffman, St. I 238
Evolution / Optimization: / Kauffman solution: perhaps evolution could first design a redundant program or organism and then compress?
I 240
 Kauffman: Thesis: I suspect it cannot. The successive approximation to the minimum-length program is in fact only be useful if the program found at each level helps locate the shorter program at the next level. (> Fitness landscape).