Find counter arguments by entering NameVs… or …VsName.
The author or concept searched is found in the following 7 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Black Market | Rothbard | Rothbard III 901 Black market/Rothbard: In many cases of product prohibition, of course, inevitable pressure develops, as in price control, for the re-establishment of the market illegally, i.e., a "black market." >Price control/Rothbard, >Sales ban/Rothbard. VsBlack Market: A black market is always in diffculties because of its illegality. The product will be scarce and costly, to cover the risks to producers involved in violating the law and the costs of bribing government offcials; … Scarcity: …and the more strict the prohibition and penalties, the scarcer the product will be and the higher the price. >Monopolies. Information: Furthermore, the illegality greatly hinders the process of distributing information about the existence of the market to consumers (e.g., by way of advertising). Efficiency: As a result, the organization of the market will be far less effcient, the service to the consumer of poorer quality, and prices for this reason alone will be higher than under a legal market. The premium on secrecy in the "black" market also militates against large-scale business, which is likely to be more visible and therefore more vulnerable to law enforcement. Monopolies: Paradoxically, product or price control is apt to serve as a monopolistic grant of privilege to the black marketeers. For they are likely to be very different entrepreneurs from those who would have succeeded in this industry in a legal market (for here the premium is on skill in bypassing the law, bribing government offcials, etc.).(1) 1. It was notorious, for example, that the bootleggers, a caste created by Prohibition, were one of the main groups opposing repeal of Prohibition in America. |
Rothbard II Murray N. Rothbard Classical Economics. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham 1995 Rothbard III Murray N. Rothbard Man, Economy and State with Power and Market. Study Edition Auburn, Alabama 1962, 1970, 2009 Rothbard IV Murray N. Rothbard The Essential von Mises Auburn, Alabama 1988 Rothbard V Murray N. Rothbard Power and Market: Government and the Economy Kansas City 1977 |
| Community | Blackburn | Esfeld I 119 Community/Individual/Simon Blackburn(1): Thesis: Members of a community behave to each other like temporal phases of an individual. (Corrections are possible). Private language/rule order/BlackburnVsKripke/BlackburnVsWittgenstein: Therefore, when viewed in isolation, an individual can follow rules in the same way as a community. >Private language, >Rule following, >Language community, >Language use. KripkeVs: Someone could have followed the addition yesterday and today follow the quaddition. In the light of the rule she is now trying to follow, she can judge previous actions as correct/incorrect, but whatever you now seem to be correct/incorrect in these judgments is correct or incorrect. >Addition, >Quaddition, >Kripke's Wittgenstein. I 120 EsfeldVsBlackburn: a social solution is not available for the isolated skeptic (>sanctions). Convergence cannot be negotiated. The present dispositions always have a privileged position! >Dispositions. The same applies to the simulation of another person: they cannot give feedback. I 121 Private language/rule sequence/field: second reason why an individual in isolation cannot determine a disagreement: I may not be scheduled to predetermine a property F now, but earlier but already (although the thing in question has not changed). Problem: why is this not a case of disagreement with myself? Pointe: what counts as a change of a thing is not independent of the fact that conceptual content is determined. To determine the change, conceptual content must be defined. >Change, >Temporal identity, >Conceptual content. 1. S. Blackburn,"The Indivdual strikes back", Synthesis, vol 58, No. 3,1984 pp. 281-301. |
Blckbu I S. Blackburn Spreading the Word : Groundings in the Philosophy of Language Oxford 1984 Es I M. Esfeld Holismus Frankfurt/M 2002 |
| Equivalence | Geach | I 189f Equivalence/Biconditional/GeachVsBlack: "is materially equivalent" is not synonymous with "if and only if". >Equivalence. "Three line" symbol ≡ is often read as "materially equivalent". But equivalence exists only between sentences, not names of sentences. Problem: Tom loves Mary ↔ Mary loves Tom" is only significant if "≡" (thee line) is read as "iff" (if and only if) rather than "materially equivalent".(⇔) cf. >Material, >Formal, >Description level, >Content, cf. >Formalism, >Formal language, >Formal speech, >Conditional. |
Gea I P.T. Geach Logic Matters Oxford 1972 |
| I, Ego, Self | Blackmore | Pauen I 244 I/Ego/Blackmore/Pauen: Blackmore thesis: Beliefs are only accumulations of memes that change constantly. VsMinsky, VsDennett: The self also has no pragmatic value. >Memes. Unencumbered by it, we can have an unbiased access to the present. (Th. NagelVs.) I 245 I: the I is not the origin of our desires, but the function of bundling. PauenVsBlackmore: how should continuity be preserved at all? >Personal identity. Vs: Individuals can behave very differently to desires, even if they belong to the same social group. |
Blckmo I S. Blackmore Consciousness London 2010 Pauen I M. Pauen Grundprobleme der Philosophie des Geistes Frankfurt 2001 |
| Proof of God’s Existence | Bolzano | Simons I 321 Cosmological proof of God/unconditioned existence/Bolzano/Simons: (circumvents the problem of being founded by referring to classes. >Classes. A) there is something real, e.g. my thoughts that it is like that. B) Suppose there is some thing A that is absolutely essential in its existence, then we already have it C) Suppose A is conditional. Then form the class of all conditional real things A, B, C, ... This is also possible if this class is infinite D) the class of all conditioned real things is itself real. Is it conditional or unconditional? If it is absolute, we already have it E) Suppose it is conditional: every conditioned presupposes the existence of something else, whose existence it determines. Thus even the class of all conditional things, if conditioned, presupposes the existence of something that determines it. F) This other thing must be unconditioned, for if it were conditioned, it would belong to the class of all conditioned things G) Therefore, there is something unconditional, e.g. a god. Simons: this makes no use of being founded: C) leaves the possibility of an infinite chain open. >Foundation, >Justification, >Reasons, >Ultimate justification, >Conditions. 1. RussellVsBolzano/Simons: one might have doubts about the "class of all unconditioned things". >Paradoxes, >Russell's paradox, >Sets, >Set theory. Solution/Bolzano: it's about the real things from which we can assume spatial-temporal localization. >Localization. 2. SimonsVsBolzano: Step F) I 322 Why should the class of all conditioned things not be conditioned by something within? This would be conditioned itself, etc. but any attempt to stop the recourse would again appeal to being founded. ((s) The thing that conditions would be within the class of conditioned things, it would be conditioned and conditional at the same time). >Regress. Solution/Simons: we need additionally a conditioning principle. Definition Conditioning Principle/Simons: if a class C is such that each dependent element of it has all the objects on which it depends within X, then X is not dependent. (Simons pro). Simons: this allows infinite chains of dependencies. A kind of infinite dependence already arises e.g. when two objects are mutually dependent. >Dependence, >Causal dependence, >Ontological dependence. If the conditioning principle applies, why should the class X be still externally conditioned? Ad Bolzano: Suppose we accept his argument until e). Then it can go on like this: H) if the class of all conditioned things is conditioned, then there is an element of it that is dependent on something that is not an element of that class. (Contraposition to the conditioning principle) >Contraposition. I) Then such an (unconditioned) object is not an element of the class of all conditioned things, and is thus unconditional. J) Therefore, there is in any case something unconditioned. SimonsVsAtomism: that is better than anything that an atomism achieves. >Atomism. Conditioning principle/Simons: is the best extension of the strong rigid dependency (//), i.e. (N) (a // x ↔ (Ey) [x ε a u a // x] u ~ x ε a) >Rigidity. SimonsVsBlack: with the strong instead of the weak dependency, we can counter Black. >Stronger/weaker, >Strength of theories. I 323 God/Mereology/Ontology/Simons: in any case, the strong rigid dependence does not prove the existence of God. Only the existence of an unconditional, which Bolzano cautiously calls "a God". >God, >Existence, >Ontology. Independence/Simons: does not include divinity. >Independence, >Existence statement. |
Simons I P. Simons Parts. A Study in Ontology Oxford New York 1987 |
| Quotation Marks | Geach | Problem: this cannot be replaced salva veritate by "Robinson", because "it" then becomes senseless. - in the original also not replaceable by "a book", because then it is also senseless. >Senseless. I 110f Fake predicate/fake token/Geach: the philosopher whose disciple (was) Plato was bald - fake: "Plato was bald" - Example: "A philosopher smoked and drank whisky": fake token: "a philosopher smoked"..."and he (or the philosopher (!)) drank... >Predicates, cf. >Pronouns, >Reference. I 110f Fake event/Geach: the philosopher, whose student was Plato, was bald. False: "Plato was bald". E.g. "A philosopher smoked and drank whiskey": false: "A philosopher smoked" - "and he (or the philosopher!) drank ... Solution: "casus": two smoking philosophers, one of which does not drink - sentence does not show which is true - but no psychologizing: ("what the speaker thought of" -) what he said is true, even if not all thoughts were true. False question: to what the subject refers to: "he" or "this philosopher" is not a subject at all. - "And" (conjunction) connects here two predicates, not two sentences. Def fake predicate: if the question is irrelevant to what it is applied to - for example, "everyone loves him or herself" can be true even if "every man loves ---" does not appeal to anyone. -> Anaphora. I 189f Equivalence/Biconditional/GeachVsBlack: "is material equivalent" is not synonymous with "iff and only if" - "three-dash" ≡ is often read as "material equivalent" - equivalence exists only between sentences, not between names of sentences. - Problem: "Tom loves Mary ↔ Mary loves Tom" is only designating when "↔" (three-dash, ≡) is read as "exactly when" and not as "material equivalent". I 199/200 Quotation marks/Geach: E.g. Carnap: If "A" is false, then for every "B" "A > B" is true (quotation marks only on the outside) - This does not contain "B", but "B" directly included in inverted commas. >Variables / >Constants. I 208 Quotation marks/Geach: not a functor that makes the name "Cicero" out of an expression, but an indicator that creates an intentional point of argument into which "Cicero" is inserted. - Thus, iterated quotes have no place in our logic: "name of a name": false. Solution: simple symbol, e.g. "tonk" for the name "Cicero". - Then e.g. for an x, [Tonk] is a name of [x] and [x] is a proper name. - Quasi-quotation: is not a name. >Quasi-Quotation. |
Gea I P.T. Geach Logic Matters Oxford 1972 |
| Terminology | Putnam | IV 146ff "Not different"/use/terminology/Putnam: there is a direct connection between command, output and state: "I am in state A". Alternate use: "pain is an irritation of C-fibers" (BlackVsFeigl). The alternate use gives new meaning to words, but it cannot be used to claim. PutnamVsBlack: this could be a normal sentence. >Use, >Language behavior, cf. >Idiolect. |
Putnam I Hilary Putnam Von einem Realistischen Standpunkt In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Frankfurt 1993 Putnam I (a) Hilary Putnam Explanation and Reference, In: Glenn Pearce & Patrick Maynard (eds.), Conceptual Change. D. Reidel. pp. 196--214 (1973) In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (b) Hilary Putnam Language and Reality, in: Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 272-90 (1995 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (c) Hilary Putnam What is Realism? in: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 76 (1975):pp. 177 - 194. In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (d) Hilary Putnam Models and Reality, Journal of Symbolic Logic 45 (3), 1980:pp. 464-482. In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (e) Hilary Putnam Reference and Truth In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (f) Hilary Putnam How to Be an Internal Realist and a Transcendental Idealist (at the Same Time) in: R. Haller/W. Grassl (eds): Sprache, Logik und Philosophie, Akten des 4. Internationalen Wittgenstein-Symposiums, 1979 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (g) Hilary Putnam Why there isn’t a ready-made world, Synthese 51 (2):205--228 (1982) In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (h) Hilary Putnam Pourqui les Philosophes? in: A: Jacob (ed.) L’Encyclopédie PHilosophieque Universelle, Paris 1986 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (i) Hilary Putnam Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (k) Hilary Putnam "Irrealism and Deconstruction", 6. Giford Lecture, St. Andrews 1990, in: H. Putnam, Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992, pp. 108-133 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam II Hilary Putnam Representation and Reality, Cambridge/MA 1988 German Edition: Repräsentation und Realität Frankfurt 1999 Putnam III Hilary Putnam Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992 German Edition: Für eine Erneuerung der Philosophie Stuttgart 1997 Putnam IV Hilary Putnam "Minds and Machines", in: Sidney Hook (ed.) Dimensions of Mind, New York 1960, pp. 138-164 In Künstliche Intelligenz, Walther Ch. Zimmerli/Stefan Wolf Stuttgart 1994 Putnam V Hilary Putnam Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge/MA 1981 German Edition: Vernunft, Wahrheit und Geschichte Frankfurt 1990 Putnam VI Hilary Putnam "Realism and Reason", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association (1976) pp. 483-98 In Truth and Meaning, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 Putnam VII Hilary Putnam "A Defense of Internal Realism" in: James Conant (ed.)Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990 pp. 30-43 In Theories of Truth, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 SocPut I Robert D. Putnam Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community New York 2000 |
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| Disputed term/author/ism | Author Vs Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antirationalism | Black Vs Antirationalism | III 33 Cause/Reason/Rationality/Black: Reasons must also be applied correctly! They must be "good reasons". Irrationality/Anti-Rationality/Black: the punishment for it can be damage, injury or extinction. III 34 VsAnti-Rationalism/Black: Just because our Skepticus is still alive we can now assume that he applies at least proto-rationality. Canonical form: (of this argument): "You should respect fundamental reasons, because otherwise you expose yourself to frustration, pain or death." Skepticus/Black: has the choice to "imitate" an animal with its reflexes. Namely, by trusting his own reflexes. VsAnti-Rationalism/Black: consequently, he would have to be completely weak-willed, and distrust all social ties. He would be without friends! Circularity/Black: so far, there is nothing circular about our argument. Reasoning/Black: for us here the first step (the assumption of proto-rationality) is of extreme importance. We can then infer on wider rationality. ((s)VsBlack: Why actually, animals also stop after quasi-rationality? His argument therefore leads to the difficulty of distinguishing humans and animals or finding a reason why intelligent life has developed.) BlackVsVs: for expansion we assume social skills. III 35 That means that something is involved in his dealings with others. III 36 Rationality/Black: As a child you had no choice of wanting to be rational or not, but as an adult you do. VsAnti-Rationality/Black: the price for this is high, but: one would have to become the pet of someone else. Cleansing oneself of reason would lead to a catatonic (apathetic) state. You would only live in the immediate present. |
Black I Max Black "Meaning and Intention: An Examination of Grice’s Views", New Literary History 4, (1972-1973), pp. 257-279 In Handlung, Kommunikation, Bedeutung, G. Meggle (Hg) Frankfurt/M 1979 Black II M. Black The Labyrinth of Language, New York/London 1978 German Edition: Sprache. Eine Einführung in die Linguistik München 1973 Black III M. Black The Prevalence of Humbug Ithaca/London 1983 Black IV Max Black "The Semantic Definition of Truth", Analysis 8 (1948) pp. 49-63 In Truth and Meaning, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 |
| Black, Max | Dummett Vs Black, Max | III (a) 7 Truth Value/Tr.val./BlackVsFrege: if two seentences are materially equivalent, they have the same truth value. Problem: according to Frege certain sentences would have a meaning that they would not have according to normal conception: E.g. "If oysters are inedible, then the wrong thing". DummettVsBlack: if sentences stand for truth value, but there are also expressions (not sentences) for Truth Value, then this is a grammatical problem, not a logical one. Truth Value/Grammar/Dummett: we can easily transform it from a noun into an adjective: "make true". |
Dummett I M. Dummett The Origins of the Analytical Philosophy, London 1988 German Edition: Ursprünge der analytischen Philosophie Frankfurt 1992 Dummett II Michael Dummett "What ist a Theory of Meaning?" (ii) In Truth and Meaning, G. Evans/J. McDowell Oxford 1976 Dummett III M. Dummett Wahrheit Stuttgart 1982 Dummett III (a) Michael Dummett "Truth" in: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 59 (1959) pp.141-162 In Wahrheit, Michael Dummett Stuttgart 1982 Dummett III (b) Michael Dummett "Frege’s Distiction between Sense and Reference", in: M. Dummett, Truth and Other Enigmas, London 1978, pp. 116-144 In Wahrheit, Stuttgart 1982 Dummett III (c) Michael Dummett "What is a Theory of Meaning?" in: S. Guttenplan (ed.) Mind and Language, Oxford 1975, pp. 97-138 In Wahrheit, Michael Dummett Stuttgart 1982 Dummett III (d) Michael Dummett "Bringing About the Past" in: Philosophical Review 73 (1964) pp.338-359 In Wahrheit, Michael Dummett Stuttgart 1982 Dummett III (e) Michael Dummett "Can Analytical Philosophy be Systematic, and Ought it to be?" in: Hegel-Studien, Beiheft 17 (1977) S. 305-326 In Wahrheit, Michael Dummett Stuttgart 1982 |
| Black, Max | Field Vs Black, Max | II 365 Justification/"Good" Circle/Circular/Field: (Black, 1958, Dummett 1978, Friedman 1979, van Cleve 1984) should we exclude circular justifications of this kind? Black/Dummett/Friedman/Cleve: No. Field: at least some aspects of their assertion seem indisputable at first glance: a deductive explanation of deduction gives us a kind of reasonable explanation as to why we should prefer it to alternatives. FieldVsDummett/FieldVsBlack: but it is not obvious that this should count as a justification! Dummett and Friedman concede that they would not have to turn a convinced representative of an alternative around. |
Field I H. Field Realism, Mathematics and Modality Oxford New York 1989 Field II H. Field Truth and the Absence of Fact Oxford New York 2001 Field III H. Field Science without numbers Princeton New Jersey 1980 Field IV Hartry Field "Realism and Relativism", The Journal of Philosophy, 76 (1982), pp. 553-67 In Theories of Truth, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 |
| Black, Max | Putnam Vs Black, Max | IV 168 BlackVsFeigl: the set (1) pain is identical to stimulation of C-fibers. This sentence is a >deviating sentence. (See above) Under normal circumstances it cannot be used to make an assertion. It gives words a new meaning. We could begin to only speak of fibers anymore. But this is not understandable, as long as the words retain the meanings that they currently have. PutnamVsBlack: the sentence may be deviating at the moment, but it could become a normal sentence. --- IV 169 Linguistics: Putnam: in reality, it is not about synchronic but diachronic linguistics. It is not easy to see when a change in meaning actually occurred. 1) In any case, the utterance of a sentence never uttered before does not lead to a change in meaning. E.g. "on my desk there is a purple Gilamonster" has certainly never uttered, but does not change the meaning of a single word. 2) A change in meaning does not necessarily have to take place when a formerly divergent sentence slowly gets a standard use. --- IV 169/170 E.g. "I am 1000 km away from you" certainly is a deviating sentence (or its translation into ancient Greek), certainly was a deviating sentence before the invention of scripture or the phone. Of course, it obtained a normal use without being "given" it. a) The new use is not arbitrary. b) The meaning of a sentence is generally a function of the meaning of the individual words. So the the question arises of which word has a different meaning? Change in meaning, concept transformation: of course, new theoretical insights can have an impact on the language. E.g. "he went around the whole world" is a deviating sentence in a culture where it is not known that the earth is round. New scientific findings could lead to a sentence like e.g. "he is half finished with his dream" is no longer a deviating sentence (as it still is today). |
Putnam I Hilary Putnam Von einem Realistischen Standpunkt In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Frankfurt 1993 Putnam I (a) Hilary Putnam Explanation and Reference, In: Glenn Pearce & Patrick Maynard (eds.), Conceptual Change. D. Reidel. pp. 196--214 (1973) In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (b) Hilary Putnam Language and Reality, in: Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 272-90 (1995 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (c) Hilary Putnam What is Realism? in: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 76 (1975):pp. 177 - 194. In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (d) Hilary Putnam Models and Reality, Journal of Symbolic Logic 45 (3), 1980:pp. 464-482. In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (e) Hilary Putnam Reference and Truth In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (f) Hilary Putnam How to Be an Internal Realist and a Transcendental Idealist (at the Same Time) in: R. Haller/W. Grassl (eds): Sprache, Logik und Philosophie, Akten des 4. Internationalen Wittgenstein-Symposiums, 1979 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (g) Hilary Putnam Why there isn’t a ready-made world, Synthese 51 (2):205--228 (1982) In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (h) Hilary Putnam Pourqui les Philosophes? in: A: Jacob (ed.) L’Encyclopédie PHilosophieque Universelle, Paris 1986 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (i) Hilary Putnam Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam I (k) Hilary Putnam "Irrealism and Deconstruction", 6. Giford Lecture, St. Andrews 1990, in: H. Putnam, Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992, pp. 108-133 In Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993 Putnam II Hilary Putnam Representation and Reality, Cambridge/MA 1988 German Edition: Repräsentation und Realität Frankfurt 1999 Putnam III Hilary Putnam Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992 German Edition: Für eine Erneuerung der Philosophie Stuttgart 1997 Putnam IV Hilary Putnam "Minds and Machines", in: Sidney Hook (ed.) Dimensions of Mind, New York 1960, pp. 138-164 In Künstliche Intelligenz, Walther Ch. Zimmerli/Stefan Wolf Stuttgart 1994 Putnam V Hilary Putnam Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge/MA 1981 German Edition: Vernunft, Wahrheit und Geschichte Frankfurt 1990 Putnam VI Hilary Putnam "Realism and Reason", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association (1976) pp. 483-98 In Truth and Meaning, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 Putnam VII Hilary Putnam "A Defense of Internal Realism" in: James Conant (ed.)Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990 pp. 30-43 In Theories of Truth, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 SocPut I Robert D. Putnam Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community New York 2000 |
| Black, Max | Thomson Vs Black, Max | Horwich I 161 Material Equivalent/T-Schema/Thomson: "material equivalent" is itself defined in terms of truth! "Principle of Definition"/PdD/Black/Thomson: we must not confuse it with what we understand when we understand the T-scheme! Also not with a general T-Def, which cannot be formulated. A "principle of definition" probably). Tarski/Black: "we only seem to see that the assertion of a proposition is true, logically equivalent to the assertion of the proposition itself". (see above redundancy theory). ThomsonVsBlack: he makes a mistake when he says this is pointless. It is simply wrong! (Group: ThomsonVs Redundancy Theory? BlackVs Redundancy Theory?). For example, suppose we do not know anything about number theory and someone tells us: (5) 43 ε prime ⇔ any number that divides 43 is either 43 or 1 (ε: epsilon, is element of) Now we could think, either 43 is a prime number and... or 43 would not be a prime number and.... But we would definitely think that (5) is the consequence of some definition of "prime number" (whatever that would be). And then we would say that (5) shows an equivalence between "43 ε prime" and "any number...". And we would not say that this is a coincidence, that 43 and the class of prime numbers are mentioned on the left and 43 again on the right, but not the class of prime numbers. For if it were a coincidence, perhaps we could also get the following: (6) 43 ε Prime ⇔ Ramanujan is dead Thomson: but here we would not assume that there would be a general formula from which this is a consequence. Now we could assume that the rule that is fulfilled in the case of (5) and not in (6) is also fulfilled for (1) and the other T-sentences. And that the T-sentences exemplify a relation of logical equivalence. (see below: but do not make explicit!). Thomson: but this is wrong! Example in (1) "London is a city" is true ⇔ London is a city are right: London and the class of cities (mentioned) left: one sentence and the class of true sentences (mentioned). Thomson: why do we accept (1) as true? Because we assume that "London is a city" is used as the name of the phrase "London is a city". (> name of sentence). And we assume this because we assume that the sentence mentioned to the left is the same sentence, Horwich I 162 that is needed on the right. And that is almost certainly what we are supposed to understand. Problem: whoever expresses (1) cannot tell us what we should assume here! In other words: We assume that (1) is a sentence of the meta-language for which there is a designation rule that states that "London is a city" is the name of the sentence "London is a city". N.B.: (1) itself does not tell us that this rule exists! ((s) because it needed a sentence in meta meta language). |
ThomsonJF I James F. Thomson "A Note on Truth", Analysis 9, (1949), pp. 67-72 In Theories of Truth, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 ThomsonJJ I Judith J. Thomson Goodness and Advice Princeton 2003 Horwich I P. Horwich (Ed.) Theories of Truth Aldershot 1994 |
| Blackmore, S. | Pauen Vs Blackmore, S. | Pauen I 244 I/Blackmore/Pauen: beliefs are merely accumulations of memes that are constantly changing. VsMinsky, VsDennett: The self has no pragmatic value either. Unencumbered by this, we can have a more unbiased approach to the presence. (NagelVs.) I 245 I: no source of our desires, but a function of bundling. PauenVsBlackmore: how should continuity be maintained then? Vs: individuals can behave very differently to desires, even if they belong to the same social group (controlled by memes). |
Pauen I M. Pauen Grundprobleme der Philosophie des Geistes Frankfurt 2001 |
| Bolzano, B. | Simons Vs Bolzano, B. | I 321 Cosmological proof of God’s existence/unconditional existence/Bolzano/Simons: avoids the problem of foundedness by referring to classes. a) There is something real e.g. my thoughts that it is so. b) Suppose there is any thing, e.g. A that is unconditional in its existence, then we have it already. c) Suppose A is conditional. Then the class of all conditional real things forms A, B, C, ... This is also possible if this class is infinite. d) The class of all conditional real things is itself real. Is it conditional or unconditional? If it is unconditional, we have it already. e) Suppose it is conditional: each conditional presupposes the existence of something else, the existence of which it requires. So even the class of all conditioned things, if conditional, requires the existence of something that it presupposes. f) This other thing has to be unconditional because if it were conditional, it would belong to the class of all conditional things. g) Therefore, there is something unconditional, e.g. a God. Simons: this does not use foundedness: c) leaves the possibility of an infinite chain open. RussellVsBolzano/Simons: one could have doubts about the "class of all unconditional things" (> paradoxes). Solution/Bolzano: it is exactly about the real things of which we can assume spatiotemporal localization. 2. SimonsVsBolzano: step f) I 322 Why should the class of all conditional things not be required by something within? This itself would be conditional, etc. but any attempt to stop the recourse would again appeal to foundedness. ((s) The conditional would be within the class of conditional things, it would be conditional and conditioning at the same time.) Solution/Simons: we need a conditioning principle in addition. Def Conditioning Principle/Simons: if a class C is such that each dependent member of her has all of the objects on which it depends within X, then X is not dependent (Simons pro). Simons: this allows infinite chains of dependencies. A kind of infinite dependence appears already if e.g. two objects mutually require each other. If the conditioning principle applies, why should the class X then be even conditioned from the outside? Ad Bolzano: suppose we accept his argument up to e). Then it can go on like this: h) If the class of all conditional things is conditional, then there is an element of it which is dependent on something that is not a member of this class (contraposition to the conditioning principle). i) Then such an (unconditional) object is no member of the class of all conditional things and therefore unconditional. j) Therefore, something unconditional definitely exists. SimonsVsAtomism: that is better than anything the atomism accomplishes. Conditioning Principle/Simons: the conditioning principle is the best extension of strong rigid dependence (7), that means that: (N) (a 7 x ≡ (Ey)[x ε a u a 7 x] u ~ x ε a) SimonsVsBlack: we can face Black with the strong rather than with the weak dependence. I 323 God/mereology/ontology/Simons: in any case, the strong rigid dependence does not prove the existence of God. Only the existence of something unconditional that Bolzano prudently called "a god". Independence/Simons: independence includes by no means divinity. |
Simons I P. Simons Parts. A Study in Ontology Oxford New York 1987 |
| Grice, P.H. | Black Vs Grice, P.H. | I 52 Max Black: Causal theory (also Stevenson, Morris) - BlackVsIntentionality theories (Grice, Searle, Strawson?). I 58 BlackVsGrice: The conditions of Grice are neither necessary nor sufficient. a) Not sufficient: there are situations in which it is not true that someone "says that...", although the conditions are met, b) not necessary: someone says something, although the conditions are not met. I 60 The whole theory becomes suspicious when it is so complicated. I 65 BlackVsGrice: he must constantly make modifications (negative conjunctions or corresponding positive disjunctions). This defensive strategy is too flexible on the one hand, while being too rigid on the other hand. (Sticking to the intended effect). I 67 BlackVsGrice: Insufficient: 1) His reference to standard effects - 2) his confidence that the speaker’s intention brings about such effects. I 68 BlackVsGrice: Every concrete manifestation usually has numerous effects. One would have to be "semantically relevant". The one that is necessary and sufficient to be communicated successfully. ((s) VsBlack: this is trivial and does not explain what is going on in successful communication or what is meant by an utterance). I 70 BlackVsGrice: a belief of the listener or a prop. att. induced in the listener are apparently perlocutionary. They are of practical importance, but irrelevant for a philosophical analysis of the concept of communication or the derived concept of speaker meaning. I 74 This applies mutatis mutandis also to the imperative case. When I have understood the request, my role as a listener and interpreter ends!. BlackVsGrice: he does not discuss how according to the principles of the basic model it can be expected of the listener that he discovers the speaker meaning. E.g. a beggar in a foreign country gestures to me that he is hungry. I 76 BlackVsGrice: no interposition of "discovering". - (The theory must cover as many cases as possible.) BlackVsGrice Thesis: not detecting the speaker’s intention to elicit an effect in the listener allows the listener to determine the meaning, but rather the reverse: the discovery of the speaker meaning allows the listener to infer the speaker’s intention. |
Black IV Max Black "The Semantic Definition of Truth", Analysis 8 (1948) pp. 49-63 In Truth and Meaning, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 |
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