Find counter arguments by entering NameVs… or …VsName.
The author or concept searched is found in the following 3 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Darwinism | Kropotkin | Brocker I I26 Darwinism/Kropotkin: Kropotkin saw himself as a Darwinist, but rejected the evolution theorist from his students. According to Kropotkin, Darwin was "quite right when he saw in the social characteristics of man the main factor for his further development, and Darwin's vulgarizing successors are completely wrong when they claim the opposite".(1) >Evolution. VsKropotkin/VsSocial Darwinism: 1. Both are guilty of naturalistic failure: to derive a "shall" from being. Darwin himself, on the other hand, only tried to provide a description and explanation for the emergence and development of life in nature, and not to derive instructions for action from it. >Social Darwinism. CantzenVsKropotkin: 2. Both Kropotkin and the social Darwinism he criticized appear with the claim of a natural science and try to present mutual help as a law of nature. Kropotkin does not reflect on the relationship between the natural environment and the social environment. However, this is a historical relationship and not a law of nature.(2) Cf. >Altruism, >Laws. 1. Pjotr Alexejewitsch Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, London 1902. Dt.: Peter Kropotkin, Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt. Mit einem Nachwort neu herausgegeben von Henning Ritter, Frankfurt/M./Berlin/Wien 1975, S. 113.f. 2. Rolf Cantzen, Weniger Staat – mehr Gesellschaft. Freiheit – Ökologie – Anarchismus, Frankfurt/M. 1987 , S. 23. |
Kropot I Peter Kropotkin Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt Frankfurt/Berlin/Wien 1975 |
| Evolution | Kropotkin | Brocker I 25 Evolution/KropotkinVsSocial Darwinismus/Kropotkin: With his paper "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution"(1), Kropotkin turned against social Darwinists, who made the "struggle for existence" not only an outstanding characteristic of the natural life of humans and animals, but also derived an ethical and political requirement from it. >Social Darwinism, >Altruism, >Solidarity. Nevertheless, Kropotkin saw his writing as in harmony with Darwin's teachings. However, Darwin used the term "struggle for existence" in a pictorial and broad sense. >Darwinism. About Darwin Kropotkin says: "He emphasized that in such cases the most suitable are neither the physically strongest nor the cunningest, but those who have learned to unite in such a way that they support each other, whether strong or weak, for the good of the community". (2) Indeed, such statements can be verified in On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. 1. Pjotr Alexejewitsch Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, London 1902. Dt.: Peter Kropotkin, Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt. Mit einem Nachwort neu herausgegeben von Henning Ritter, Frankfurt/M./Berlin/Wien 1975, p. 29f. 2. Ibid. p. 23 |
Kropot I Peter Kropotkin Gegenseitige Hilfe in der Tier- und Menschenwelt Frankfurt/Berlin/Wien 1975 Brocker I Manfred Brocker Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
| Social Darwinism | Gould | II 42 Social Darwinism/GouldVsSocial Darwinism/Gould: if nature is not moral, evolution cannot teach any moral theory. The notion that it could, has caused a long series of social evils, such as "race doctrines" and the wrongly named "Social Darwinism". II 43 Gould: we cannot ask the question at all why nature poses such ingenious traps with cruel consequences. (>Why-questions, >Science/Gould), >Evolution, >Explanation, >Darwinism. |
Gould I Stephen Jay Gould The Panda’s Thumb. More Reflections in Natural History, New York 1980 German Edition: Der Daumen des Panda Frankfurt 2009 Gould II Stephen Jay Gould Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. Further Reflections in Natural History, New York 1983 German Edition: Wie das Zebra zu seinen Streifen kommt Frankfurt 1991 Gould III Stephen Jay Gould Full House. The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, New York 1996 German Edition: Illusion Fortschritt Frankfurt 2004 Gould IV Stephen Jay Gould The Flamingo’s Smile. Reflections in Natural History, New York 1985 German Edition: Das Lächeln des Flamingos Basel 1989 |
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| Disputed term/author/ism | Author Vs Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social Darwinism | Gould Vs Social Darwinism | II 40 Another argument, radical at the time of Darwin, but common today, is that nature is simply as we find it, it does not contain any moral message. Answers cannot be passively read from nature. Nor does the factual state of the world teach us how to change or preserve it as morally as possible with our power to do good or evil. To ask why such cruelties occur in nature is completely inappropriate for us, the world is neither controlled by us nor made for us. Cruelty of nature: racist explanation: lower races suffer less (tradition). Social Darwinism needs a traditional moral image of nature. Contradiction: Social Darwinism is traditionally moral and traditionally racist. VsSocial Darwinism: if nature is not moral, evolution cannot teach any moral theory. The idea that it can has led to a long series of social evils such as "race teachings" and what is wrongly called "Social Darwinism". II 59 Haplodiloidism: Tradition: proof for "Sociality" - GouldVs. GouldVs: haplodiploid ancestors were certainly not yet completely social, this developed only as a "phylogenetic additional thought" in some independent tribes. Environment of such strains: every single female! II 242 GouldVsSociobiology: zoocentrism is the primary fallacy of sociobiology: if animals with primary mechanisms and structures emerge as products of natural selection, then human behaviour must have a similar basis! II 241 GouldVsSociobiology: but they have never existed outside a human context of meaning. Sociobiology: "low character traits" in animals justify the same in humans (genetic/homologous) - GouldVs: false similarity, false description - (other causes - same function/analog) Dennett I 367 GouldVsZoocentrism: Projection GouldVsSociobiology: was allegedly refuted by the failure of adaptationism. |
Gould I Stephen Jay Gould The Panda’s Thumb. More Reflections in Natural History, New York 1980 German Edition: Der Daumen des Panda Frankfurt 2009 Gould II Stephen Jay Gould Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. Further Reflections in Natural History, New York 1983 German Edition: Wie das Zebra zu seinen Streifen kommt Frankfurt 1991 Gould III Stephen Jay Gould Full House. The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, New York 1996 German Edition: Illusion Fortschritt Frankfurt 2004 Gould IV Stephen Jay Gould The Flamingo’s Smile. Reflections in Natural History, New York 1985 German Edition: Das Lächeln des Flamingos Basel 1989 Dennett I D. Dennett Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, New York 1995 German Edition: Darwins gefährliches Erbe Hamburg 1997 Dennett II D. Dennett Kinds of Minds, New York 1996 German Edition: Spielarten des Geistes Gütersloh 1999 Dennett III Daniel Dennett "COG: Steps towards consciousness in robots" In Bewusstein, Thomas Metzinger Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1996 Dennett IV Daniel Dennett "Animal Consciousness. What Matters and Why?", in: D. C. Dennett, Brainchildren. Essays on Designing Minds, Cambridge/MA 1998, pp. 337-350 In Der Geist der Tiere, D Perler/M. Wild Frankfurt/M. 2005 |
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