Find counter arguments by entering NameVs… or …VsName.
The author or concept searched is found in the following 17 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts | Baudrillard | Blask I 104 Concepts/Baudrillard: Baudrillard propagates the revaluation of old concepts. >Revaluation, >Concepts, >Meaning change, >Theory change, >Meaning, >Reference, >Language, >Language use, >Tradition, >Culture, >Culture shift, cf. >Values/Nietzsche, cf. >Deconstruction. |
Baud I J. Baudrillard Simulacra and Simulation (Body, in Theory: Histories) Ann Arbor 1994 Baud II Jean Baudrillard Symbolic Exchange and Death, London 1993 German Edition: Der symbolische Tausch und der Tod Berlin 2009 Blask I Falko Blask Jean Baudrillard zur Einführung Hamburg 2013 |
| Econometrics | Neoclassical Economics | Harcourt I 38 Econometrics/Neoclassical Economics/Harcourt: The neoclassical procedure can be regarded as an examination of virtual displacements around an equilibrium point, so that any relative price changes may be ignored and capital may be measured in terms of „an equilibrium dollar's worth“. Measurements: With this procedure it is legitimate - and essential - for individual economic actors to take all prices as given (they are, after all, price-takers) and it is market forces - the overall outcome of their individual but, consciously anyway, uncoordinated actions - which are responsible for actual price changes, changes which cease, by definition, at equilibrium. Accumulation: Moreover, any accumulation which is conceived to have taken place is marginal so that any change in the value of meccano sets in terms of product is confined to this marginal addition, and so may be ignored. Comparisons/comparability/problems: The trouble is that when either comparisons are made between different economies with different equilibrium wages, rates of profits and factor endowments - what Swan calls 'structural comparisons in the large' - or, far worse, when accumulation is analysed, these equilibrium points with all their accompanying (instantaneous) rates of change cannot be extended into visible curves associated with the same equilibrium values. >Econometrics/Swan. Change: An enormous revaluation of existing capital stocks occurs whenever an actual change (as opposed to a virtual one), no matter how small, is contemplated. Hence the need either for meccano sets (and the accompanying unacceptable assumption of perfectly timeless and costless malleability) or for resort to Champernowne's chain index which both he and Swan argue also allows an analysis of slow accumulation, in Champernowne's case, without technical progress. >Method/Champernowne. |
Harcourt I Geoffrey C. Harcourt Some Cambridge controversies in the theory of capital Cambridge 1972 |
| Economic Growth | Neoclassical Economics | Harcourt I 37 Economic growth/Neoclassical theories/Swan/Harcourt: We find in Swan's appendix(1) perhaps the first and certainly the clearest statement of the notorious malleability assumption which underlies many neoclassical growth models and econometric exercises, for example, Swan [1956](1), Solow [1956b(2), 1957(3)], Meade [1961](4). Capital/measurements: By measuring capital in terms of its own technical unit (and by assuming that the quantity of capital in terms of this unit is uniquely associated with, say, the annual flow of services from it, measured in machine years), it is in the appropriate form for inclusion in a production function viewed as an engineering description of the flow of output which may be expected from the inputs of certain flows of man and machine years: on this, see Bruno, Burmeister and Sheshinski [1968](5). >Production function. Marginal product: The marginal product of capital, so measured, is equal to the rate of profits multiplied by the price of the technical unit of capital in terms of product (p). But if this price does not change when accumulation occurs, as Swan assumes, capital may also be measured in value units, in which case its marginal product equals the rate of profits. Harcourt I 38 Neoclassical approach: The neoclassical procedure can be regarded as an examination of virtual displacements around an equilibrium point, so that any relative price changes may be ignored and capital may be measured in terms of „an equilibrium dollar's worth“. Measurements: With this procedure it is legitimate - and essential - for individual economic actors to take all prices as given (they are, after all, price-takers) and it is market forces - the overall outcome of their individual but, consciously anyway, uncoordinated actions - which are responsible for actual price changes, changes which cease, by definition, at equilibrium. Accumulation: Moreover, any accumulation which is conceived to have taken place is marginal so that any change in the value of meccano sets in terms of product is confined to this marginal addition, and so may be ignored. Comparisons/comparability/problems: The trouble is that when either comparisons are made between different economies with different equilibrium wages, rates of profits and factor endowments - what Swan calls 'structural comparisons in the large' - or, far worse, when accumulation is analysed, these equilibrium points with all their accompanying (instantaneous) rates of change cannot be extended into visible curves associated with the same equilibrium values. >Econometrics/Swan. Change: An enormous revaluation of existing capital stocks occurs whenever an actual change (as opposed to a virtual one), no matter how small, is contemplated. Hence the need either for meccano sets (and the accompanying unacceptable assumption of perfectly timeless and costless malleability) or for resort to Champernowne's chain index which both he and Swan argue also allows an analysis of slow accumulation, in Champernowne's case, without technical progress. >Method/Champernowne. 1. Swan, T. W. [1956] 'Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation', Economic Record, xxxn, pp. 334-61. 2. Solow, R. M. [1956b] 'A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth', Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXX, pp. 65-94. 3. Solow, R. M. [1957] 'Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function', Review of economics and Statistics, xxxix, pp. 312-20. 4. Meade, J. E. [1961] A Neoclassical Theory of Economic Growth (London: Allen and Unwin). 5. Bruno, M., Burmeister, E. and Sheshinski, E. [1966] 'Nature and Implications of the Reswitching of Techniques', Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXXX, pp. 526-53. Kurz I 258 Growth/exogenous growth/Neoclassical economics/Kurz: A theory based on the typical marginalist set of data (M1)-(M3) is hardly able to determine growth endogenously. (M 1) the set of technical alternatives from which cost-minimising producers can choose, (M 2) the preferences of consumers, and (M 3) the initial endowments of the economy and the distribution of property rights among individual agents. (…) the majority of neoclassical authors have been concerned with developing theories that revolved around the concept of an exogenously given long-term rate of economic growth. It sumces to recall the efforts of some of the leading advocates of marginalism. Thus, in Chapter V of Book V of his Principles of Economics, Alfred Marshall first introduced the 'famous fiction of the stationary state' and then tried to weaken the strong assumptions required by it. >Alfred Marshall. The Stationary State has just been taken to be one in which population is stationary. But nearly all its distinctive features may be exhibited in a Place where population and wealth are both growing, provided they are growing at about the same rate, and there is no scarcity of land: and provided also the methods of production and the conditions of trade change but little; and above all, where the character of man himself is a constant quantity. For in such a state by far the most important conditions of production and consumption, of exchange and distribution will remain of the same quality, and in the same general relations to one another, though they are all increasing in volume. (Marshall [1890] 1977: 306)(1) The resulting economic system grows at a constant rate that equals the exogenous rate of growth of population. Income distribution and relative prices are the same as in the stationary economy. In modern parlance: the system expands along a steady-state growth path. 1. Marshall, A. (1977) Principles of Economics, reprint of the 8th edn (1920), Ist edn 1890, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan. Kurz, Heinz D. and Salvadori, Neri. „Endogenous growth in a stylised 'classical' model“.In: Kurz, Heinz; Salvadori, Neri 2015. Revisiting Classical Economics: Studies in Long-Period Analysis (Routledge Studies in the History of Economics). London, UK: Routledge. |
Harcourt I Geoffrey C. Harcourt Some Cambridge controversies in the theory of capital Cambridge 1972 Kurz I Heinz D. Kurz Neri Salvadori Revisiting Classical Economics: Studies in Long-Period Analysis (Routledge Studies in the History of Economics). Routledge. London 2015 |
| Laws | Baudrillard | Blask I 60 Laws/Reversibility/Baudrillard: every law can be reversed. Blask I 104 Concepts/Baudrillard: Baudrillard propagates the revaluation of old concepts. >Revaluation, >Concepts, >Meaning change, >Theory change, >Meaning, >Reference, >Language, >Language use, >Tradition, >Culture, >Culture shift, cf. >Values/Nietzsche, cf. >Deconstruction. |
Baud I J. Baudrillard Simulacra and Simulation (Body, in Theory: Histories) Ann Arbor 1994 Baud II Jean Baudrillard Symbolic Exchange and Death, London 1993 German Edition: Der symbolische Tausch und der Tod Berlin 2009 Blask I Falko Blask Jean Baudrillard zur Einführung Hamburg 2013 |
| Maternalism | Political Philosophy | Gaus I 282 Maternalism/Political theories/Mottier: 'Maternalist' thinkers also reject the liberal contractual conception of citizenship. They place the emphasis on the relational dimension of social life. Ethics: Drawing on the work of Nancy Chodorow (1978)(1) and Carol Gilligan (1982)(2), maternalists argue that the private sphere, in particular the family, is ruled by a relational morality, an 'ethics of care' anchored in mothering activities. Capacities: As Sara Ruddick (1980)(3) argues, women who are mothers have developed capacities, values and moral judgements that are both little recognized and contrast with the dominant bureaucratic and technological rationality of the modern public sphere. >Capabilities. According to maternalists, women bring to the public sphere these relational capacities, including a respect for others and a care for their well-being. They also bring a different use of power since the aim of ethics of care is to empower others, not to control them. Public Sphere: The public sphere, on the contrary, is seen to be ruled by a masculinist ethics of justice, founded on individual rights. >Public sphere, >Justice. Ethics of care: For maternalist theorists, the ethics of care is morally superior to the individualist values that dominate the public sphere. They see in the ethics of care of the private sphere a possible source for rethinking both morality in the public sphere and the model of liberal citizenship. Consequently, maternalist theorists such as Ruddick (1980;(3) 1989(4)) and Elshtain (1982)(5) argue for an integration into the public sphere of relational skills such as listening skills, emotions, and recognition of others' needs and vulnerability as a basis for democratic deliberation (Ruddick, 1980;(3) 1989(4); Elshtain, 1982(5); Held, 1990(6)). Society: Women's experiences from the private sphere are thus taken as a normative model for behaviour in the public sphere, where women's capacities for love and care for others come to be seen as a model to be emulated by others, and as a potential basis for public morality. Elshtain (1982)(5) calls for a 'social feminism' as an alternative to the 'amoral statecraft' of the modern bureaucratic state. >Bureaucracy. Problems: In her critical development of maternalist theory, Selma Sevenhuijsen (1998(7): 20) shares this emphasis on the revaluation of caring activities. However, she emphasizes that social practices of care do not always spring from worthy motives but can also be driven by the desire for control over others, or from 'Christian guilt'. As Sevenhuijsen points out, 'bad' motives can lead to 'good' care, while a 'good' motive, such as attentiveness to vulnerability, is no guarantee of good care but can lead to paternalism or undue protection. >Maternalism/MacKinnon, >Maternalism/Dietz. 1. Chodorow, Nancy (1978) The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2. Gilligan, Carol (1982) In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Woman's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Umversity Press. 3. Ruddick, Sara (1980) 'Maternal thinking'. Feminist Studies, 6 (Summer): 342—67. 4. Ruddick, Sara (1989) Maternal Thinking: Towards a Politics of Peace. Boston: Beacon. 5. Elshtain, Jean Bethke (1982) 'Antigone's daughters'. Democracy in the world, 2:48-59. 6. Held, Virginia (1990) 'Mothering versus contract'. In Jane Mansbridge, ed., Beyond Self-Interest. University of Chicago Press, 288-304. 7. Sevenhuijsen, Selma (1998) Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics. London: Routledge. Véronique Mottier 2004. „Feminism and Gender Theory: The Return of the State“. In: Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. SAGE Publications |
Gaus I Gerald F. Gaus Chandran Kukathas Handbook of Political Theory London 2004 |
| Necessity | Wright | I 259 Necessity/Wright: it is in the world or in the terms? de re, de dicto, >Necessity de re. McDowell’s Wittgenstein: "fully satisfactying intermediate position": both! WrightVs: "Platonic Scylla": absurd revaluation of the rules (>Realism). "Rule-skeptical Charybdis": no rules at all. >Anti-Realism. Wright: both are absurd. McDowell: "fully satisfying intermediate position": thesis: the rules are always within the practice. >Rules, >Practise, >Rule following, >Kripke's Wittgenstein. |
WrightCr I Crispin Wright Truth and Objectivity, Cambridge 1992 German Edition: Wahrheit und Objektivität Frankfurt 2001 WrightCr II Crispin Wright "Language-Mastery and Sorites Paradox" In Truth and Meaning, G. Evans/J. McDowell Oxford 1976 WrightGH I Georg Henrik von Wright Explanation and Understanding, New York 1971 German Edition: Erklären und Verstehen Hamburg 2008 |
| Psychology | Nietzsche | Ries II 79 Psychology/Resentment/On the Genealogy of Morality/Nietzsche: Basic concept of the Psychology of Christianity. Explains how the hierarchy of power given by nature could turn into the rule of the powerless. 1. F. Nietzsche Genealogie der Moral, VI. 2. --- Danto III 130 Psychology/Nietzsche/Danto: Nietzsche considered himself a born psychologist. DantoVsNietzsche: in his thinking was a whole lot of circular arguments. Our psychological theories are part of our perspective, but our perspective must be explained by psychic phenomena that are part of it. Our moral attitudes are jointly responsible for our (...) perspectives. Psychology, however, is invoked to explain why we take our moral perspectives, and especially why exactly them. >Perspective/Nietzsche, >Morality/Nietzsche. Danto III 132 Psychology/Nietzsche/Danto: If there is nothing material, then there is nothing immaterial.(1) Danto: one could say that there is no substance that would be the task of psychology to explore. Moral/Psychology/Nietzsche/Danto: Nietzsche fought on two fronts at the same time: On the one hand, he hoped to attack morality by exposing the psychology that was attached to it as illogical, on the other hand, he wanted to attack this psychology by attacking the morality assumed by it. Philosophy/Nietzsche: The attack on the soul or the self - in which he claimed to find the essence of modern philosophy - was at the same time an assassination attempt on the basic premise of Christian doctrine.(2) Danto III 134 I/Nietzsche/Danto: (The Reason) believes in the "I", in the "I" as being, in the "I" as substance and projects the belief in the ego-substance on all things - it only creates the term 'thing' through this ... Being is thought into everything as cause, pushed underneath; from the concept 'I' only follows, as derived, the term 'being'...(3) >Subject/Nietzsche, >Person/Nietzsche, >I/Nietzsche. Danto III 200 Psychology/Nietzsche/Danto: two terms play a prominent role in Nietzsche's psychology: resentment and bad conscience. Resentment/slave morality: the slave fears not only the malice of the master and plays it up: he resents (resentment) the strength of the master as well as his own relative powerlessness. Danto III 201 He cannot act out his hostility on the paths open to the aristocrats. Slave's strategy: to get the master to accept the slave's list of values and to judge himself from the slave's perspective. Finally, the master will be evil in his own eyes. >revaluation of all values, >Master/Slave. Danto III 208 Gentlemen/Slaves/Nietzsche: it would be a mistake to ask the beast to suppress its animal instincts. Similarly, people have no choice but to be different from what they are. Nietzsche: Demanding from strength that it does not express itself as strength (...) is just as absurd as demanding from weakness that it expresses itself as strength.(4) Strengths/Nietzsche: the strong are simply actions of strength, not individuals who act in a strong way at their discretion. Just as lightning is not an entity that does something, but the light itself. The strong being is not free to show his strength or not to show it.(5) >Individual/Nietzsche, >Superhuman/Nietzsche. Danto III 209 Humility: is not an achievement of the weak but their nature, just as brutality is not a crime but the nature of the strong. Danto: Thrasymachos had set up something similar in politics: he trivialized his definition of justice as acting in the interests of the stronger party. Analogously, a mathematician is not a mathematician when he makes a mistake. >Justice/Thrasymchus. DantoVsThrasymachos/DantoVsNietzsche: both have stumbled upon the grammar: they have elevated a triviality of logic to a metaphysics of morality. NietzscheVsThrasymachos/Danto: Nevertheless, Nietzsche is more subtle than Thrasymachos: for Nietzsche, the world consists in a way more of pulsations than pulsating objects. Pulsation, however, cannot pulsate, so to speak, only objects can do that. 1. F. Nietzsche Nachlass, Berlin, 1999, p. 537. 2. F. Nietzsche Jenseits von Gut und Böse, KGW VI.,2 p. 33. 3. F. Nietzsche, Götzen-Dämmerung, KGW VI,3 p. 71. 4. F. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, KGW VI. 2, p. 293. 5. Ibid. p. 294. |
Nie I Friedrich Nietzsche Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe Berlin 2009 Nie V F. Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil 2014 Ries II Wiebrecht Ries Nietzsche zur Einführung Hamburg 1990 Danto I A. C. Danto Connections to the World - The Basic Concepts of Philosophy, New York 1989 German Edition: Wege zur Welt München 1999 Danto III Arthur C. Danto Nietzsche as Philosopher: An Original Study, New York 1965 German Edition: Nietzsche als Philosoph München 1998 Danto VII A. C. Danto The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art (Columbia Classics in Philosophy) New York 2005 |
| Reality | Parmenides | Taureck I 110 Reality/Parmenides/Taureck: his provocation lies in the revaluation of the judgment according to which the human does not represent reality as it is, but deforms and distorts it. ProtagorasVsParmenides/Taureck: what is shown, exists as it appears. The human does not deform the world, but unlocks it knowingly. Cf. >Appearance/Plato >Perception/>Aristotle >Perception/Eleatics >Perception/Gorgias >Protagoras |
Taureck I B. H.F. Taureck Die Sophisten Hamburg 1995 |
| Religion | Nietzsche | Danto III 201 Religion/Slave Moral/Master Moral/Morality/Nietzsche/Danto: the slave fears not only the malice of the master and plays it up: he resents the strength of the master as well as his own relative powerlessness. He cannot act out his hostility on the paths open to the aristocrats. Slave's strategy: to get the master to accept the slave's list of values and to judge himself from the slave's perspective. Eventually, the master becomes evil in his own eyes. Danto: the revaluation of values is made possible by the work of religion. Religion was the reason why the strong were bent under the yoke of a limited number of doctrines, which they had to endure cruelly. Religion acted as a means of revenge that the unwilling humbly took hold of. When he was still powerful, the aristocrat had always held something else in high esteem. Danto III 202 Through his behavior, the aristocrat initially showed contempt for the worldview of the (Christian) religion and for the intentions of the priestly resentment. >Christianity/Nietzsche. Now the priests are the worst enemies because they are the most powerless.(1) They cultivate the resentment to its highest degree. Their revaluation of values is ultimately an act of spiritual revenge.(2) Danto III 221 Religion/Tradition/Danto: many religions claim that we stand before our God as an offspring before their father, claiming that we owe everything we have or are to the divine creator. >God/Nietzsche. Danto III 222 Nietzsche: In the birth of the tragedy, Nietzsche develops the idea that the Greek Olympus was invented to alleviate suffering, not to contribute to it in the way that the Christian concept of God has done in the face of human suffering - to reinforce man's will to find himself guilty.(3) Danto III 231 Religion/Nietzsche/Danto: The ascetic ideals are only illustrated by religious life; and religion itself is only illustrated by what one calls religions in the colloquial language. There are forms of religion in the broader sense, which are antireligious in the narrower sense. A person may be religious in the broader sense and antireligious in the narrower sense, if he/she casts doubt on religion in the name of something else; be it reason, science, historical criticism or truth. By adhering to such higher goals, people become disguised ascetics, personae of the religious impulses that only occasionally manifest themselves in real religious forms.(4) Danto III 232 Science/Belief/Religion/Nietzsche/Danto: In the Gay Science Nietzsche asks in 1886 to what extent we are still pious. The answer is that we are pious insofar as we continue to believe in the truth.(5) Nietzsche: You can see that science is also based on the belief that there is no science without preconditions.(6) Danto: According to Nietzsche, it is necessary for science that there is an order and a reality which it must try to discover. >Science/Nietzsche. Nietzsche:.... in so far as he affirms this 'other world', does he not have to deny his counterpart, this world, our world...? .... Then it is still a metaphysical belief on which our belief in science is based.... Plato's belief that God is the truth, that the truth is divine...(7) >Truth/Plato, >God/Plato. 1. F. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, KGW VI. 2, p. 280. 2. Ibid. p. 281 3. Ibid. p. 348f). 4. F. Nietzsche Jenseits von Gut und Böse, VI. 2, p. 429f. 5. F. Nietzsche Die Fröhliche Wissenschaft, KGW V. 2, p. 256. 6. Ibid. p. 257. 7. Ibid. p. 259 |
Nie I Friedrich Nietzsche Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe Berlin 2009 Nie V F. Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil 2014 Danto I A. C. Danto Connections to the World - The Basic Concepts of Philosophy, New York 1989 German Edition: Wege zur Welt München 1999 Danto III Arthur C. Danto Nietzsche as Philosopher: An Original Study, New York 1965 German Edition: Nietzsche als Philosoph München 1998 Danto VII A. C. Danto The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art (Columbia Classics in Philosophy) New York 2005 |
| Robinson, Joan | Harcourt | Harcourt I 4 Joan Robinson/Harcourt: Capital: Joan Robinson(1) provided a measure of capital in terms of labour time which attempted to make sense of capital goods viewed as aids to production. It was not, however, and this was intended, independent of distribution and prices. “Real capital“/Robinson: Moreover, the use of 'real capital', as she called it, did not lead to traditional neoclassical answers whereby equilibrium factor prices and marginal products are either equated, or at least related in a relatively simple way. It did allow comparisons of the magnitudes of key variables - capital-output, capital-labour ratios – in different equilibrium situations to be made. >Equilibrium, >Neoclassical economics. Comparability: The comparisons arose as either the wage rate or the rate of profits were assigned arbitrary values and the equilibrium values corresponding to them were calculated. In constructing Joan Robinson's version of the production function, we introduce and define the major tool of these and the subsequent analyses, namely, the wage-rate-rate-of-profits trade-off relationship or factor-price frontier. >Factors of production, >Factor price, >Factor price frontier. Harcourt I 6 Capital/Robinson: One aspect of the puzzle that Joan Robinson raised concerns the revaluations of capital that are associated with the comparisons of situations characterized by one set of equilibrium prices with those characterized by another set. This aspect is discussed under the heading of price and real Wicksell effects. >Wicksell effects. The revaluations occur under two sets of circumstances. a) The first is when we consider different values of the rate of profits and wage rate within the context of a given technique. b) The second relates to changes in the values of the rate of profits and the wage rate with which are associated changes in techniques as well. >Joan Robinson. 1. Robinson, Joan (1953-4). 'The Production Function and the Theory of Capital', Review of Economic Studies, xxi, pp. 81-106. |
Harcourt I Geoffrey C. Harcourt Some Cambridge controversies in the theory of capital Cambridge 1972 |
| Science | Romanticism | Gadamer I 279 Science/Romanticism/Gadamer: [The] revaluations of romanticism are the source of the attitude of historical science in the 19th century. It no longer measures the past by the standards of the present as if by an absolute; it ascribes its own value to past times and can even acknowledge their superiority in one respect or another. The great achievements of Romanticism, the awakening of the dawn of time, the hearing of the voice of the peoples in songs, the collection of fairy tales and legends, the cultivation of ancient customs, the discovery of languages as Gadamer I 280 world views, the study of the "religion and wisdom of the Indians" - they all triggered historical research, which slowly, step by step, transformed the foreboding reawakening into distant historical recognition. >Worldviews, >Religion. Historism: The connection of the historical school to Romanticism thus confirms that the Romantic repetition of the original itself is on the ground of the Enlightenment. The historical science of the nineteenth century is its proudest fruit and sees itself almost as the completion of the Enlightenment, as the final step in the liberation of the mind from dogmatic bias, the step towards the objective knowledge of the historical world, which is equal to the knowledge of nature through modern science. >Historism/Gadamer. |
Gadamer I Hans-Georg Gadamer Wahrheit und Methode. Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik 7. durchgesehene Auflage Tübingen 1960/2010 Gadamer II H. G. Gadamer The Relevance of the Beautiful, London 1986 German Edition: Die Aktualität des Schönen: Kunst als Spiel, Symbol und Fest Stuttgart 1977 |
| State (Polity) | Feminism | Gaus I 278 State/feminism/Mottier: For a long time, feminist theory paid scant attention to the role of the state in gender relations. There are obvious historical reasons for this initial 'state-blindness' of gender analysis. At its inception in the 1970s, the new women's movement was deeply suspicious of mainstream politics and the state, which were seen as fundamentally patriarchic in nature. Many feminists intended to avoid conventional strategies and power games in favour of anti-hierarchical action within new social movements outside of the formal political arena (...). Politics: At the level of practical political action, this critical stance was nevertheless often combined with an appeal to the state, in key areas of feminist struggles such as abortion, pornography, or anti-rape legislation (Petchesky, 1986(1); Randall 1998(2)). Theory: The analytical consequence of the movement's distrust of mainstream politics was an under-theorization of the role of the state. Since the mid 1980s, there has been a revaluation of the central role of the state in the structuration and institutionalization of relations between men and women, and in establishing and policing the frontiers between public and private spheres. Somewhat paradoxically, at a time when the importance of the state itself is eroded by supranational processes, the state has been brought back into feminist theory. >State/Gender theory, >State/MacKinnon, >Welfare state/Gender Theory, >State/Poststructuralism. 1. Petchesky, Rosalind (1986) Abortion and Woman's Choice: The State, Sexuality and Reproductive Freedom. London: Verso. 2. Randall, Vicky (1998) 'Gender and power: women engage the state'. In Vicky Randall and Georgina Waylen, eds, Gende'; Politics and the State. London: Routledge, 185-205. Véronique Mottier 2004. „Feminism and Gender Theory: The Return of the State“. In: Gaus, Gerald F. & Kukathas, Chandran 2004. Handbook of Political Theory. SAGE Publications |
Gaus I Gerald F. Gaus Chandran Kukathas Handbook of Political Theory London 2004 |
| Technical Progress | Pasinetti | Harcourt I 168 Technical progress/Pasinetti/Harcourt: Nearness of techniques as assessed by the rate of profits at which they are most profitable may tell us nothing at all about how close (or far apart) are their values of capital or outputs per head. And - most damaging of all for RF2 as a surrogate for a well-behaved physical rate of return, i.e. a marginal product which declines as the value of capital increases - the difference (r - p(r)) may become indifferently positive or negative at any level of the rate of profits, so losing the properties of a physical rate of return. For RF1 and RF2 see >Rate of return/Pasinetti. Harcourt I 159 a) The first is the rate of interest at which two techniques (options, projects, going concerns, economic systems) are equi-profitable, i.e. that rate of interest which when used as the discount factor equalises the present values of two alternative streams of expected receipts (Fisherian incomes) and expenditures - call it RF1. >Irving Fisher. b) The second relates to the ratio of the expected increase in perpetuity in the production of a commodity to the withdrawal from consumption or other uses of the present annual flow of the commodity, the withdrawal or sacrifice being needed to make the investment that will make the increase in production possible. (RF2) >Surrogate production function, >Rate of profit, >Rate of return/Economic theories, >Capital reversing, >Reswitching. Harcourt I 168 These results are as applicable to the industry case as to the economy one, as Garegnani has shown, thus providing an answer (but perhaps not the answer) to Samuelson's plea for an analysis based on microeconomic relationships, (…) . Pasinetti's(1) conclusions led him to add: „Continuity in the variation of techniques, as the rate of profits changes, does not imply continuity in the variation of values of capital goods per man and of net outputs per man [which] seems to reveal capital theory as a field unsuitable to the application of calculus and infinitesimal analysis, and thus of marginal analysis.“ (p. 523.) Depending, as RF2 does, on predetermined prices which are taken as given, it serves as an aid to the choice of technique. But it cannot be used as the base on which to build 'the physical or technical or productivity side' of a theory of the rate of profits itself. And, as we have seen, RFi is an accounting definition which is consistent with but may not (help to) explain any theory of the rate of profits. Solow: (…) [1967](2) analysed the case where RF1 and RF2 coincided, so laying himself open to the charge that he had shown that at the rate of profits at which two economic systems (techniques) are equi-profitable, that is the rate of profits at which they are so: see Pasinetti [1969](1), pp. 525-6. Solow's analysis reflects the fact that at switch points investment in either technique yields by definition a rate of return equal to the switch-point rate of profits, which is also the rate of profits at which prices have been computed. (That is why the techniques are equi-profitable.) RF2 is thus assured in this case of equalling r, as it equals RF1. Harcourt: We might perhaps sum up the argument to this point as follows: at a switch point, dq/dk = r by definition and regardless of the shapes of the w-r relationships involved. However, on Pasinetti's interpretation, dq/dK is not the traditional marginal product of capital. Haarcourt I 169 If we assume that r = dq/dk, we then imply (…) that k = -dw/dr which requires that the vv-r relationships be straight lines. If they are not, dq/dk not = r, essentially because we encounter revaluation puzzles associated with changes in r and relative prices. This is so whether we consider a given w-r relationship, or the change from one to another, i.e. movements along the envelope, each point being the most profitable at its own value of r and therefore associated with its own set of relative prices, with the differences in the values of r being the infinitesimal increment, dr. It is the implications of these revaluations which both the switch-point comparisons and the neoclassical procedure of concentrating on notional changes at a point, with its given constant equilibrium prices, seek to avoid. 1. Pasinetti, L. L. [1969] 'Switches of Technique and the "Rate of Return" in Capital Theory', Economic Journal, LXXIX, pp. 508-31. 2. Solow, R. M. [1967] 'The Interest Rate and Transition between Techniques', Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth, Essays presented to Maurice Dobb, ed. by C. H. Feinstein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 30-9. |
Pasinetti I Luigi L. Pasinetti Structural Change and Economic Growth: A Theoretical Essay on the Dynamics of the Wealth of Nations Cambridge 1983 Harcourt I Geoffrey C. Harcourt Some Cambridge controversies in the theory of capital Cambridge 1972 |
| Values | Nietzsche | Höffe I 378 Values/Nietzsche/Höffe: [Nietzsche takes] (...) a threefold "revaluation of all values": 1) First of all, values, which are highly valued so far, are devalued, because they either lost their creative power or their right. The main point of criticism is the morality of charity, which is exposed as the morality of the "wayward, disgruntled, and the ones badly off course", as a resentment of the weak. In addition, it is discredited with the argument that, despite its appearance, it springs even from a will to power, namely the will of those who proclaim the morality of slavery, the priests. >Power/Nietzsche. 2) After the second revaluation, certain traditional values are not devalued, but are given a new reason for appreciation. Even those ideals in which one tends to think of Christianity criticized by Nietzsche, the ascetic ideals, are not rejected all around: "With artists" they mean "nothing or too much; with philosophers and scholars something like weather and instinct for the most favorable preconditions of high spirituality".(1) >Christianity/Nietzsche. 3) Finally a previous ranking of values is reversed. On the one hand something, which is highly valued so far in many places, the supernatural, is declared to be untrue. According to Nietzsche, there is no beyond for nature, no more metaphysics. On the other hand, the rank which the hitherto highly esteemed morality, the morality of pity and slavery, deserved, is now given to the "master morality", the "aristocratic equation of value" of good with nobility, power, beauty, and love of God, taken from archaic Greekism. >Morality/Nietzsche. 1. F. Nietzsche, Genealogie der Moral, 3. Abhandlung, Nr. 1 Ries II 51 Revaluation of the values/Nietzsche: first semi-conscious representatives: Sophists, Antisthenes, the Cynics. The twilight begins this task with a "work of depth". >Sophists, >Commentaries on the sophists. Ries II 75 Values/Beyond Good and Evil/Nietzsche: serious equation of truth and good. Illusion: the things of the highest value must have a different, own origin. Illusionary world. 1. F. Nietzsche, Jenseits von Gut und Böse, KGW VI. 2. --- Danto III 201 Values/Slave moral/Master's moral/Nietzsche/Danto: Resentment/Slave moral: the slave fears not only the malice of the master and plays it up: he resents (resentment) the strength of the master as well as his own relative powerlessness. He cannot act out his hostility on the paths open to the aristocrats. Slave's strategy: to get the master to accept the slave's list of values and to judge himself from the slave's perspective. Eventually, the master becomes evil in his own eyes. Cf. >Master/slave dialectic. Danto: the revaluation of values is made possible by the work of religion. Religion was the reason why the strong were bent under the yoke of a limited number of commandments, which they had to endure cruelly. Religion acted as a means of revenge that the unwilling humbly took hold of. When he was still powerful, the aristocrat had always held other things in high esteem. >Religion/Nietzsche. Danto III 202 Through his behavior, the aristocrat initially showed contempt for the worldview of the (Christian) religion and for the intentions of the priestly resentment. >Christianity/Nietzsche. Now the priests are the worst enemies because they are the most powerless.(1) They cultivate the resentment to its highest degree. Their revaluation of values is ultimately an act of spiritual revenge.(2) 1. F. Nietzsche, Zur Genealogie der Moral, KGW VI. 2, p. 280. 2. Ibid. p. 281. |
Nie I Friedrich Nietzsche Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe Berlin 2009 Nie V F. Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil 2014 Höffe I Otfried Höffe Geschichte des politischen Denkens München 2016 Ries II Wiebrecht Ries Nietzsche zur Einführung Hamburg 1990 Danto I A. C. Danto Connections to the World - The Basic Concepts of Philosophy, New York 1989 German Edition: Wege zur Welt München 1999 Danto III Arthur C. Danto Nietzsche as Philosopher: An Original Study, New York 1965 German Edition: Nietzsche als Philosoph München 1998 Danto VII A. C. Danto The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art (Columbia Classics in Philosophy) New York 2005 |
| Values | Nozick | II 311 Values/Nozick: four types: 1. Intrinsic value 2. Instrumental value: is a function or a measure of the intrinsic value and leads to it. >Expected benefit. Something of instrumental value must not be intrinsically valuable itself. >Benefit, >Intrinsic, >Extrinsic. 3. creative value: is a function of the value for something new that is introduced into the world - determinism denies creative values. >Creativity Free will: we understand it as it leads to significant differences in value. - Instrumental action: makes a difference, if it would stop, later intrinsic values would not occur. - E.g. a brush stroke - The brush stroke itself is not creative. 4. Contributors value: what causes the difference. - They are also allowed by determinism. Determinism does not allow creative values. - Soft determinism: contributing value is sufficient. Fatalism: Allows no contributing values. >Fatalism. Contributing value is sufficient. II 399 Moral pull/ethics/value/Nozick: my value fixes, what should come from you - Moral Push: Your value fixes, what I should meet with you. II 453 Moral/Nozick: the moral basis is shared by all. So it seems to have nothing interesting to do with you. - It seems to be that we are searching for all values. - Then variant of the categorical imperative: "Do not kill values-seeking egos". >Categorical Imperative. II 415 Intrinsic values/ethics/Nozick: intrinsic values occur best with organic unit. - New values occur only in whole, in totalities. II 562 f. Values/ethics/Nozick: E.g. assuming there is a possible world without values, but with an organic unity (which is just as good). >Possible worlds. Then you could live as if there were values. - This suggests that the existence of values lies in their possibility. - We know what values would be, we just have to bring them to life. - That is not made valuable by something previous - (no circle). - Afterwards the choice is good - then values are not external. II 565 External is: That we gain something through it - internal: connection to our motives. >Motives, >Motivation, >Actions. II 566 Then there are also different values: E.g. Nietzsche: revaluation. >Values/Nietzsche, >Revaluation. II 567 Values/facts/connections/Nozick: facts do not contain values - (otherwise naturalistic fallacy). Connection: some facts (of organic unity) are identical with values. Explanation: the relation is the organic unity. - Values are organically based on own facts. >Facts. |
No I R. Nozick Philosophical Explanations Oxford 1981 No II R., Nozick The Nature of Rationality 1994 |
| Wicksell Effect | Harcourt | Harcourt I 40 Wicksell effect/Harcourt: In the modern literature the 'real' and 'financial' aspects of an increase in social capital have come to be discussed under the heading of real and price Wicksell effects, respectively. The wage-rate-rate-of-profits trade-off analysis (…) allows a simple discussion of this distinction and allows us to show in a simple way what Swan had in mind when he described the (price) Wicksell effect as an inventory revaluation. >Wicksell effect/Swan. Def Price Wicksell effect: The price Wicksell effect relates to changes in the value of capital as w and r change their values but techniques do not change, i.e. it is associated with the w-r relationship that corresponds to one technique. Def Real Wicksell effect: Real Wicksell effects relate to changes in the value of capital associated with changes in techniques as w and r take on different values, i.e. they are differences in the values of capital at (or, rather, very near) switch points on the envelope of the w-r relationships. Switch points are the intersection points where two techniques are equi-most profitable. Both effects reflect the influence, through w and r, of the 'time' pattern of inputs of production, but real effects reflect in addition changes in production methods, i.e. changes which reflect real production potentials, not just their market values. Consider an economy-wide technique which has a net output per head of a consumption good, q. Assume that we are in a stationary state (which is formally equivalent to what Garegnani [1970a](1) calls an integrated consumption-good industry) and that capital goods last forever. Then q = rk + w where all values are measured in consumption-good units per head, so that k = q – w / r When r = 0, q = wmax, the maximum wage which is also output per head. Because of our assumptions, q = wmax for all values of r. If we had more than one consumption good, or were considering a growing economy in which net investment formed part of the national product, q = HW would hold only when r = 0 and net investment were either zero or the same good, because the value of q is affected by the relative prices of capital goods in terms of consumption goods which are themselves affected by the value of r. Harcourt I 41 (…) a w-r curve which is concave to the origin implies a negative price Wicksell effect - the value of capital is lower, the lower is the value of r, the inventory revaluation is negative. By exactly analogous reasoning we may show that a w-r relationship which is convex to the origin implies a positive price Wicksell effect and that a straight-line one implies a zero or neutral price Wicksell effect, a crucial result (…). Wicksell effect/Economic theories: Economic interpretations which relate the slopes and shapes of the w-r curves to the technical coefficients of production in each sector of the economy may be found in Bhaduri [1969](2), Garegnani [1970a](1), Hicks [1965](3), Robinson and Naqvi [1967](4), Samuelson [1962](5), Spaventa [1968(6), 1970(7)], Nuti [1970b](8). Harcourt I 43 It is only at switch points that the differences can be said, in general, to be entirely 'real'. For it is only at switch points that the wage and profits rates are the same for both methods so that any difference between the values of their ks must be attributable to the differences in the productivities of the methods. Anywhere else, though one factor price will be common to both, the other one will not, it being greater for the technique which is in use, i.e. is on the w-r envelope. Harcourt I 45 Rate of profits: in the traditional case, we consider the implications of a change in the rate of profits (which in the limit becomes infinitesimally small) for the ratio of the change in output to the change in the 'quantity of capital'. In the case above, though, we consider the implications, for the (limiting) ratio of the increments, of a change in the proportions in which two equi-profitable techniques are combined, the rate of profits remaining unchanged - as does, of course, the amount of labour in both cases. Real/price effects: The differences between the two concepts highlight the crucial point that z/the marginal product of capital is to be part of an explanation of the rate of profits itself, the changes in the 'quantities' as we go from one technique to another must themselves be independent of changes in the rate of profits. 'Capital', like labour, has to be measured in a unit which is independent of distribution and prices. >Capital/Robinson, >Econometrics, >Production function, >Aggregate production function. 1. Garegnani, P. [1970a] 'Heterogeneous Capital, the Production Function and the Theory of Distribution', Review of Economic Studies, XXXVII (3), pp. 407-36. 2. Bhaduri, A. [1969] 'On the Significance of Recent Controversies on Capital Theory: A Marxian View', Economic Journal, LXXIX, pp. 532-9. 3. Hicks, J. R. [1965] Capital and Growth (Oxford: Clarendon Press). 4. Robinson, Joan and Naqvi, K. A. [1967] 'The Badly Behaved Production Function', Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXXXI, pp. 579-91. 5.Samuelson, P. A. [1965] 'Review of J. E. Meade, Efficiency, Equality and the Ownership of Property 1964', Economic Journal, LXXV, pp. 804-6 6. Spaventa, L. [1968] 'Realism without Parables in Capital Theory', Recherches recentes sur la fonetion de Production, Centre D'Etudes et de Recherches Uni- versitaire de Namur, pp. 15-45. 7. Spaventa, L. [1970] 'Rate of Profit, Rate of Growth, and Capital Intensity in a Simple Produc- tion Model', Oxford Economic Papers, xxii, pp. 129-47. 8. Nuti, D. M. [1970b] 'Capitalism, Socialism and Steady Growth', Economic Journal, LXXX, pp. 32-57. |
Harcourt I Geoffrey C. Harcourt Some Cambridge controversies in the theory of capital Cambridge 1972 |
| Wicksell Effect | Swan | Harcourt I 39 Wicksell effect/Swan/Harcourt: Wicksell demonstrated that an increase in social capital is partly 'absorbed by increased wages . . ., so that only the residue ... is really effective as far as a rise in production is concerned'. Swan: Swan is concerned to show in terms of Wicksell's own examples (the point-input-point-output case and the analysis of Ackerman's problem, see Swan [1956](1), pp. 352-61) that "the Wicksell Effect is nothing but an inventory revaluation' (p. 355). SwanVsRobinson: In establishing this point, he accused Joan Robinson of confusing the change in the value of a stock of capital with the value of the change, a charge which she understandably took rather amiss, see Robinson [1957](2), p. 107 n6. As Swan shows (see pp. 352-3) this implies that the marginal product of capital (in Wicksell's point-input-point-output case) is less than the rate of interest, an obstacle in the way of the acceptance of 'von Thünen's thesis' (which was its main interest to Wicksell). >Wicksell effect/Harcourt. 1. Swan, T. W. [1956] 'Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation', Economic Record, xxxn, pp. 334-61. 2. Robinson, J. [1957] 'Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation - A Comment', Economic Record, xxxm, pp. 103-8. |
Swan I Trevor W. Swan Trevor Winchester Swan, Volume I: Life and Contribution to Economic Theory and Policy (Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought) London 1922 Harcourt I Geoffrey C. Harcourt Some Cambridge controversies in the theory of capital Cambridge 1972 |
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