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The author or concept searched is found in the following 13 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavior | Evolutionary Psychology | Corr I 268 Behavior/evolutionary psychology/Figueredo: One seemingly paradoxical suggestion derivable from evolutionary psychology is that, while personality differences are likely adaptive, they also constrain individuals’ behavioural flexibility. MacDonald (1998)(1) suggested that different personality traits are best suited for the occupation of different social and ecological niches. Viewed differently, this means that individuals may be constrained in their behavioural repertoires based on the particular suite of personality characteristics that they possess, due to heredity and environmental factors. In fact, according to some psychologists who favour the situation side of the person-situation debate (e.g., Mischel, Shoda and Smith 2004(2)), the very definition of a personality disorder is unchanging personality in the face of the changing environmental contexts that a person encounters. >Situations/Mischel. Cf. >Ecology/evolutionary psychology, >Niches/evolutionary psychology, >Adaption/evolutionary psychology. FigueredoVsMischel: encounters. In contrast, we propose that the biological preparedness for and the developmental plasticity of certain behaviours can and do vary independently of each other (Figueredo, Hammond and McKiernan 2006)(3). 1. MacDonald, K. B. 1998. Evolution, culture, and the five-factor model, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29: 119–49 2. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y. and Smith, R. E. 2004. Introduction to personality: toward an integration, 7th edn. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons 3. Figueredo, A. J., Hammond, K. R. and McKiernan, E. C. 2006. A Brunswikian evolutionary developmental theory of preparedness and plasticity, Intelligence 34: 211–27 Aurelio José Figueredo, Paul Gladden, Geneva Vásquez, Pedro Sofio, Abril Wolf and Daniel Nelson Jones, “Evolutionary theories of personality”, in: Corr, Ph. J. & Matthews, G. (eds.) 2009. The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press |
Corr I Philip J. Corr Gerald Matthews The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology New York 2009 Corr II Philip J. Corr (Ed.) Personality and Individual Differences - Revisiting the classical studies Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne 2018 |
| Cultural Differences | Kagan | Upton I 30 Cultural Differences/Kagan/Developmental psychology/Upton: In the paper ‘Reactivity in infants: a cross-national comparison’ Kagan et al. (1994)(1) argue that behavioural traits, such as the amount of motor activity seen in infants, are innate. In this study, Kagan provides evidence for very different patterns of motor arousal in four-month-old infants in three different cultures – China, Ireland and the USA. The data suggest that Chinese infants are much calmer, quieter and less fretful than the American and Irish infants, which Kagan cites as evidence for biological differences in temperament between Caucasian and Asian infants. >Stages of development, >Temperament, >Personality traits, >Developmental psychology, >Innateness, >Heredity. Upton I 31 Questions: Can we be certain that these differences [including motor activity, fretting, crying and vocalization] are biological? At what point in development is experience relevant? For example, how might prenatal experiences have influenced the behaviours shown by these infants? >Pre-natal learning, >Behavior, >Method. 1. Kagan,J, Articus, D. and Snidman, N. et al. (1994) Reactivity in infants: a cross-national comparison. Developmental Psychology, 30: 3 42—5. |
Upton I Penney Upton Developmental Psychology 2011 |
| Evolution | Mayr | I 43 Evolution/Mayr: Unit of evolution is the population (or species) and not the gene or the individual. (MayrVsDawkins). >Species, >Genes, >R. Dawkins, >Genes/Dawkins, >Evolution/Dawkins. Def Integron/Mayr: An integron is a system created by integration of subordinate units on a higher level. Integrons evolve by natural selection. They are adapted systems at each level because they contribute to the fitness (suitability) of an individual. >Selection. I 183 Evolution/Mayr: Species is the decisive entity of evolution. I 230 Evolution/Progress/Mayr: Cohesion: an expression of the fact that the system of development has become very narrow. Evolution: proceeds very slowly in large, member-rich species, and very quickly in small peripheral isolated groups. >Speciation, >punctuated equilibrium/Eldredge/Gould. A start-up population with few individuals and therefore little hidden genetic variation can more easily assume a different genotype. Macroevolution: is most strongly determined by the geographical factor (isolation). I 234 Evolution/Mayr: the concepts: 1) Rapid evolution: (transmutationism): type jump. Even after Darwin some researchers (including his friend Huxley) could not accept the concept of natural selection and developed saltationist theories. 2) Transformational evolution (transformationism) gradual change of the ice to the organism. Ignored by Darwin. I 235 3) Variation Evolution (Darwin) I 235 Darwin (early): adaptation modification. Vs: can never explain the enormous variety of organic life, because it does not allow for an increase in the number of species. I 236 Darwin/Mayr: The Origin of Species: 5 Main Theories 1) Organisms are constantly evolving over time (evolution as such). 2) Different species of organisms are derived from a common ancestor. 3) Species multiply over time (speciation) 4) Evolution takes the form of gradual change. (GradualismVsSaltationism). >Gradualism, >Saltationism. 5) The evolutionary mechanism consists in the competition among numerous unique individuals for limited resources that leads to differences in survival and reproduction (natural selection). I 234 Evolution/Mayr: the concepts: 1) Rapid evolution: (transmutationism): type jump. Even after Darwin some researchers (including his friend Huxley) could not accept the concept of natural selection and developed saltationist theories. 2) Transformational evolution (transformationism) gradual change of the ice to the organism. Ignored by Darwin. I 235 3) Variation Evolution (Darwin) I 235 Darwin (early): adaptation modification. Vs: can never explain the enormous variety of organic life, because it does not allow for an increase in the number of species. I 236 Darwin/Mayr: The Origin of Species: 5 Main Theories 1) Organisms are constantly evolving over time (evolution as such). 2) Different species of organisms are derived from a common ancestor. 3) Species multiply over time (speciation) 4) Evolution takes the form of gradual change. (GradualismVsSaltationism). 5) The evolutionary mechanism consists in the competition among numerous unique individuals for limited resources that leads to differences in survival and reproduction (natural selection). >Selection. I 377 Evolution of life: a chemical process involving autocatalysis and a directing factor. Prebiotic selection. Cf. >St. Kauffman. I 237 Pasteur: proofed the impossibility of life in oxygen-rich atmosphere! In 1953, Stanley Miller grew amino acids, urea and other organic molecules in a glass flask by discharging electricity into a mixture of methane, ammonium, hydrogen, and water vapor. I 238 Proteins, nucleic acids: the organisms must form these larger molecules themselves. Amino acids, pyrimidines, puridine do not need to formed by the organisms themselves. I 239 Molecular biology: discovered that the genetic code is the same for bacteria, which do not have nuclei, as in protists, fungi, animals and plants. I 240 Missing link: Archaeopteryx: half bird half reptile. Not necessarily direct ancestor. Speciation: a) dichopatric: a previously connected area is divided by a new barrier: mountain range, inlets, interruption of vegetation. b) peripatrically: new start-up population emerges outside of the original distribution area. c) sympatric speciation: new species due to ecological specialization within the area of distribution. Darwin's theory of gradualism. >Gradualism. I 243 VsGardualism: cannot explain the emergence of completely new organs. Problem: How can a rudimentary wing be enlarged by natural selection before it is suitable for flying? I 244 Darwin: two possible solutions: a) Intensification of the function: E.g. eyes, e.g. the development of the anterior limbs of moles, whales, bats. b) Functional change: E.g. Antennae of daphia (water flea): additional function of the swimming paddle, which is enlarged and modified under selection pressure. E.g. Gould: Feathers probably first for temperature control before any animal could fly. Function/Biology: Functional differences are also related to behavioral patterns, e.g. feather cleaning. Competing theories on evolutionary change I 247 Salationism: Huxley later Bateson, de Vries, (Mendelists). The saltationist emergence of new species only occurs poyploidy and some other forms of chromosomal restructuring (very rare) during sexual reproduction. Teleological theories: assume that nature has a principle: Osbron's arsitogenesis, Chardin's omega principle. Should lead to perfection. >Teilhard de Chardin. Lamarck's Theories: Changes go back to use and non-use, environmental conditions. Until the 1930s! I 248 Def "soft inheritance" (acquired characteristics). Was refuted by genetics. Def "hard inheritance" (so-called "central dogma"): the information contained in the proteins (the phenotype) cannot be passed on to the nucleic acids (the genotype)! (Insight of molecular biology). I 256 Macroevolution: after saltationism, soft heredity and autogenesis, had been refuted with evolution, macroevolution had to be explained more and more as a phenomenon on the level of the population, i.e. as a phenomenon directly attributable to events and processes during microevolution. (Speciation: faster in isolation). (>Gould, Eldredge, 1971(1): "punctuated equilibrium", punctualism.) I 281 New: we know today that the cycles of herbivores elicit those of the predators and not vice versa! Coevolution: E.g. the Yucca moth destroys the plant's ovules by its larvae, but pollens the flowers. 1. N. Eldredge, S. J. Gould: Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: T. Schopf (Ed), Models in Paleobiology, 82-115, San Francisco, (1972). |
Mayr I Ernst Mayr This is Biology, Cambridge/MA 1997 German Edition: Das ist Biologie Heidelberg 1998 |
| Genes | Mayr | I 319 Behavior/Genes/Mayr: also genes contribute to the behavior and personality of a human. E.g. mathematical talent, manual skills, musicality, clumsiness. >Heredity, >Personality, >Personality traits, >Behavior, >Genes. |
Mayr I Ernst Mayr This is Biology, Cambridge/MA 1997 German Edition: Das ist Biologie Heidelberg 1998 |
| Intelligence | Gould | IV 251 Intelligence/Gould: intelligence tests were popular in the early 20th century and were carried out on recruits. IV 253 Singapore: in 1983 Singapore launched a campaign to encourage educated people to have more children, Prime Minister Le Kuan Yew feared a decline in intelligence among the population. GouldVs: fallacy: women with lower intelligence had on average more children. The reason was that less education also meant less sex education. Gould: but the sex education has nothing to do with intelligence. IV 255 Intelligence/twin research/Arthur Jensen, 1969: "Standard number": intelligence is said to be 80% hereditary. (1) IV 256 Cyril Burt, great old man of genetics, 1909: Cyril Burt's "study" (with 50 pairs of twins) is one of the most complete forgeries in the history of science. (2) Heredity/Gould: Lee Kuan Yew misinterpreted the following: wrong equation of "hereditary" with "fixed and inevitable". Definition Heredity/Gould: heredity measures how much variation in the appearance of a feature within a population can be held responsible for the genetic differences, e. g. eye colour, height, IQ. A kind of vision defect can be 100% hereditary, but can be completely compensated by glasses. Even if the IQ is 80% hereditary, it can still be improved through education. Cf. >Arthur Jensen. 1. Arthur R. Jensen: How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? In: Harvard Educational Review. Bd. 39, Nr. 1, Winter 1969, S. 1–123. 2. Burbridge: Burt's twins: A question of numbers. In: Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Volume 42, Nr. 4, S. 335–352, 2006. |
Gould I Stephen Jay Gould The Panda’s Thumb. More Reflections in Natural History, New York 1980 German Edition: Der Daumen des Panda Frankfurt 2009 Gould II Stephen Jay Gould Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. Further Reflections in Natural History, New York 1983 German Edition: Wie das Zebra zu seinen Streifen kommt Frankfurt 1991 Gould III Stephen Jay Gould Full House. The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, New York 1996 German Edition: Illusion Fortschritt Frankfurt 2004 Gould IV Stephen Jay Gould The Flamingo’s Smile. Reflections in Natural History, New York 1985 German Edition: Das Lächeln des Flamingos Basel 1989 |
| Lamarckism | Gould | I 86 Culture/Lamarckism/Gould: Lamarckism can apply (although only by analogy) to "heredity" in a completely different kind of "evolution" - in human culture. We do not have the slightest evidence that homo sapiens has genetically improved in the last 50,000 years. Cultural evolution is by its very nature Lamarckist. >Culture, >Adaption, >Evolution. |
Gould I Stephen Jay Gould The Panda’s Thumb. More Reflections in Natural History, New York 1980 German Edition: Der Daumen des Panda Frankfurt 2009 Gould II Stephen Jay Gould Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. Further Reflections in Natural History, New York 1983 German Edition: Wie das Zebra zu seinen Streifen kommt Frankfurt 1991 Gould III Stephen Jay Gould Full House. The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, New York 1996 German Edition: Illusion Fortschritt Frankfurt 2004 Gould IV Stephen Jay Gould The Flamingo’s Smile. Reflections in Natural History, New York 1985 German Edition: Das Lächeln des Flamingos Basel 1989 |
| Laws | Mayr | I 44 Laws/Biology: at the molecular level all, and on the cell level most of the functions of the organisms follow the laws of physics and chemistry. There is nothing left that would require a vitalist explanation. >Vitalism, >Explanation, >Causal explanation. Genetic program: contains historically acquired information (3.8 billion years of evolution). >Evolution, >Genetic information, >Heredity, >Inheritance, >Physics, >Laws, >Laws of nature, >Genes. |
Mayr I Ernst Mayr This is Biology, Cambridge/MA 1997 German Edition: Das ist Biologie Heidelberg 1998 |
| Memes | Dawkins | I 307 Meme/Dawkins: Thesis: In view of the great cultural differences, we must free ourselves from the notion that genes are the only foundation of evolution. - ((s) Vs: Dawkins refers to Margaret Mead's description of gentle Arapesh Indians, which is disputed today.) Dawkins's thesis: Darwinism is too powerful a theory to be confined to the narrow framework of the gene. I will include the gene as an analogue in my thesis, no more. I 308 Meme/Dawkins: For a short time, there has been a new type of replicator on our planet. The new "primordial soup" for its emergence is human culture. I 309 If a thought finds new followers, it multiplies by spreading from one brain to another. N. K. Humphrey: Memes should be understood as living structures, not only in the transmitted, but also in the technical sense. Dawkins: Memes are parasites in human brains. For example, the meme for believing in life after death. Memes are vehicles for their own distribution. I 313 Meme/tradition/replication/Gene/Dawkins: Everyone will change the idea a bit by passing it on, and in the rarest of cases use the same vocabulary. Thus, memes do not seem to have the particle characteristic of genes. I 314 Meme/Dawkins: For example, if part of a melody serves as jingle for a radio station, it deserves the designation Meme. I 318 Meme/Dawkins: Part of the mem of God is faith which renounces evidence. Nothing is as deadly to some memes as the search for evidence. Blind faith is a strong partner for spreading memes: e.g. civil war, religious hatred, retaliation, mutually reinforcing unscrupulousness. I 320 Gene/heredity/Dawkins: Queen Elizabeth II is a direct descendant of William the Conqueror. But it is quite likely that she does not carry a single gene from him. Meme/Dawkins: On the other hand, many memes of Socrates still exist. And unweakened at that! Perhaps one or two genes as well, but who is interested in the genes in this context? Memes spread, because it is useful for them! Nothing else is needed for that than brains capable of imitating. Then memes will be formed, which will exploit this ability to the utmost. Cf. >Genes/Dawkins. |
Da I R. Dawkins The Selfish Gene, Oxford 1976 German Edition: Das egoistische Gen, Hamburg 1996 Da II M. St. Dawkins Through Our Eyes Only? The Search for Animal Consciousness, Oxford/New York/Heidelberg 1993 German Edition: Die Entdeckung des tierischen Bewusstseins Hamburg 1993 |
| Molecular Genetics | Munafò | Corr I 295 Molecular Genetics/Munafò: A reasonable interim conclusion after over ten years of personality genetics research is that main effects of single genetic variants are likely to be of small magnitude, and unlikely to account for more than 1 per cent of phenotypic variance (and possibly much less). In addition, publication of non-significant results is important to avoid disorting the corpus of publicly-available data (Munafò, Clark and Flint 2004)(1). (VsMulecular genetics in relation to personality traits.) >Heredity, >Method, >Science, >Measurement, >Experiments. Corr I 296 It is also likely that a proportion of the variance in human personality which may ultimately be traced to genetic (or partially genetic) causes is due to gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. >Environment, >Nature versus nurture, >Personality, >Personality traits. 1. Munafò, M. R., Clark, T. G. and Flint, J. 2005. Does measurement instrument moderate the association between the serotonin transporter gene and anxiety-related personality traits? A meta-analysis, Molecular Psychiatry 10: 415–19 Marcus R. Munafò,“Behavioural genetics: from variance to DNA“, in: Corr, Ph. J. & Matthews, G. (eds.)2009. The Cambridge handbook of Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press |
Corr I Philip J. Corr Gerald Matthews The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology New York 2009 Corr II Philip J. Corr (Ed.) Personality and Individual Differences - Revisiting the classical studies Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne 2018 |
| Personality Traits | Twin Studies | Corr I 290 Personality traits/twin studies/Munafò: Heritability of personality traits: Data from a review of the literature (Loehlin 1992)(1), selected primary studies (Jang, Livesley and Vernon 1996(2); Riemann, Angleitner and Strelau 1997(3); Waller 1999(4)) and an analysis (Loehlin 1998(5)) of previously collected data (Loehlin and Nichols 1976(6)), all of which indicate relatively consistent and substantial heritability coefficients for all major personality traits. >Heritability. It is striking that these findings appear to be relatively independent of the measurement instruments used, and hold for traits drawn from Eysenck’s tripartite theory of personality and those drawn from Costa and McCrae’s ‘Big Five’ model (Bouchard and Loehlin 2001)(7). In particular, there appears to be little or no effect of shared family environment; residual variance is typically labelled as non-shared environment, but it should be noted that this term also includes gene × environment effects and measurement error. >Personality, >Five-factor model, >P.T. Costa, >R.R. McCrae, >Nature versus nurture, >Environment. 1. Loehlin, J. C. 1992. Genes and environment in personality development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage 2. Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J. and Vernon, P. A. 1996. Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets, Journal of Personality 64: 577–91 3. Riemann, R., Angleitner, A. and Strelau, J. 1997. Genetic and environmental influences on personality: a study of twins reared together using the self- and peer report NEO-FFI scales, Journal of Personality 65: 449-75 4.Waller, N. G. 1999. Evaluating the structure of personality, in C. R. Cloninger (ed.), Personality and psychopathology, pp. 155–97. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 5. Loehlin, J. C. 1998. Latent variable models: an introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis, 3rd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum 6. Loehlin, J. C. and Nichols, R. C. 1976. Heredity, environment and personality: a study of 850 sets of twins, Austin, TX: University of Texas 7. Bouchard, T. J., Jr and Loehlin, J. C. 2001. Genes, evolution, and personality, Behavioural Genetics 31: 243–73 Marcus R. Munafò,“Behavioural genetics: from variance to DNA“, in: Corr, Ph. J. & Matthews, G. (eds.)2009. The Cambridge handbook of Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press |
Corr I Philip J. Corr Gerald Matthews The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology New York 2009 Corr II Philip J. Corr (Ed.) Personality and Individual Differences - Revisiting the classical studies Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne 2018 |
| Selection | Dawkins | I 38 Selection/Dawkins: Thesis: Selection occurs at the lowest level. (Not species, not individual, but genes, unit of heredity). >Genes, >Genes/Dawkins. I 42 Selection/Dawkins: Earliest form of selection: simply a selection of more stable molecules and rejecting unstable ones. It would not make sense to shake the right number of atoms and the right amount of added energy to expect a human to come out. The age of the universe would not suffice for that. I 73 Order/ordering: The cards themselves survive the shuffling. Selection/Dawkins: If genes always mixed, selection would be absolutely impossible. I 158 Def Degree of relationship/Dawkins: generation span: steps on the family tree. To Uncle: 3 steps: the common ancestor is e.g. A's father and B's grandfather. Degree of Relationship: per generation span ½ multiplied by itself. For g steps (1/2) g. But that is only part of the degree of relationship. In case of several common relatives they must also be determined. I 158 Selection/relationship/altruism/Dawkins: Now we can correctly calculate the chances for the multiplication of genes for altruism: E.g., A gene for the suicidal rescue of five cousins would not become more numerous, but probably one for the suicidal rescue of five brothers or ten cousins. >Altruism. I 162 Family altruism/Dawkins: parental care is merely a special case of family altruism. The fact that siblings do not exchange genes is not relevant, because they have obtained identical copies of the same genes from the same parents. Family Selection/Kin Selection/DawkinsVsWilson, E.O.: transfers the concept of group selection to family. Now, however, the core of Hamilton's argument is that the separation between family and non-family is not clear, but a question of mathematical probability. Hamilton's thesis(1) does not imply that animals are selfless towards all family members and self-serving to all outsiders. I 164 DawkinsVsWilson: He does not consider offspring as relatives! (I 461: Wilson has now withdrawn that). Def Group selection/Dawkins: different survival rate in groups of individuals. I 164 Kin selection/Dawkins: Of course animals cannot be expected to count how many relatives they are saving! I 462 Kin selection/Dawkins: It is a frequent mistake for students to assume that animals must count how many relatives they are saving. I 165 Kin selection/Dawkins: To determine the degree of relationship actuarial weightings can be used as a basis. How much of my wealth would I invest in the life of another individual. I 166 An animal can behave as if it had done this calculation. E.g. just as a human catches a ball as if he had solved a series of differential equations. I 372 Gene/selection/Dawkins: Under reasonable consideration, selection does not directly affect the genes. The DNA is spun into proteins, wrapped in membranes, shielded from the world and invisible to natural selection. (Like GouldVsDawkins.) The selection would also hardly have a criterion for DNA molecules. All genes look the same just like all tapes look the same. Genes show in their effects. ((s) effect creates identity.) 1. Hamilton, W.D. 1964. The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior. In: Journal of Theoretical Biology 7. pp- 1-16; 17-52. |
Da I R. Dawkins The Selfish Gene, Oxford 1976 German Edition: Das egoistische Gen, Hamburg 1996 Da II M. St. Dawkins Through Our Eyes Only? The Search for Animal Consciousness, Oxford/New York/Heidelberg 1993 German Edition: Die Entdeckung des tierischen Bewusstseins Hamburg 1993 |
| Stability | Developmental Psychology | Upton I 4 Stability/Change/developmental psychology/Upton: Theorists who believe in stability in development often argue from a nativist stance, emphasising the role of heredity for the development of psychological characteristics. We inherit aspects of our personality, for example, in much the same way that we inherit eye colour. From this perspective we cannot change our psychological self, only learn to control it. >Nativism. Empiricism: From an empiricist viewpoint, stability in psychological characteristics stems from the impact of early experiences that cannot be overcome. An individual is shy not because of a genetic predisposition, but because during early experiences of interacting with others they encountered considerable stress, leading them to avoid social interaction. >Periods of development/psychological theories, >Psychoanalysis/psychological theories. Upton I 5 VsNativism/VsNativism: The alternative viewpoint is that there is potential for change throughout the life span. Later experiences are believed to be able to influence development just as early ones do. The majority of contemporary theorists accept this perspective. For a discussion: Baltes (2003)(1) argues that, while adults are able to change, their capacity to do so is less than that of a child and diminishes over time. On the other hand, Kagan (2003)(2) argues that personality traits such as shyness have a genetic basis; yet he also provides evidence that even these inherited traits can be subject to change over time. 1. Baltes, P. B. (2003). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: selection, optimization and compensation as foundation for developmental theory, in: Staudinger U. M. and Lindenberger, U. (eds) Understanding Human Development. Boston: Kluwer. 2. Kagan, J (2003) Biology, context and developmental enquiry. Annual Review of Psychology, 54: 1–23. |
Upton I Penney Upton Developmental Psychology 2011 |
| Temperament | Kagan | Corr I 13 Temperament/Kagan: Currently popular evolutionary approaches describe a common ancestral basis of personality, but one that is adaptive by having individual differences in the population in the distribution of personality traits – empathy to some, dominance to others, and so on, with many of these traits distributed differently for males and females (Buss 1999(1); Silverman, Choi and Peters 2007)(2). The idea that an inherited personality predisposition, temperament, produces enduring individual differences across the lifespan has been a pervasive assumption in the field (Kagan 1994(3)). >Stages of development, >Temperament, >Personality traits, >Developmental psychology, >Innateness, >Heredity. >D. M. Buss. 1. Buss, D. M. 1999. Human nature and individual differences: the evolution of personality, in L. A. Pervin and O. P. John (eds.), Handbook of personality: theory and research, 2nd edn, pp. 31–56. New York: Guilford 2. Silverman, I., Choi, J. and Peters, M. 2007. The hunter-gatherer theory of sex differences in spatial abilities: data from 40 countries, Archives of Sexual Behaviour 36: 261–8 3.Kagan, J. 1994. Galen’s prophecy: temperament in human nature. New York: Westview Press Susan Cloninger, “Conceptual issues in personality theory”, in: Corr, Ph. J. & Matthews, G. (eds.) 2009. The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press. |
Corr I Philip J. Corr Gerald Matthews The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology New York 2009 Corr II Philip J. Corr (Ed.) Personality and Individual Differences - Revisiting the classical studies Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne 2018 |
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| Lamarck, J.-B. | Gould Vs Lamarck, J.-B. | I 86 GouldVsLamarck: Lamarckism is not true just in the field, which he always kept occupied as his special domain, as a biological theory of heredity. Nevertheless, it can (if only by analogy) apply to the "inheritance" in a very different kind of "evolution" - in the human culture. |
Gould I Stephen Jay Gould The Panda’s Thumb. More Reflections in Natural History, New York 1980 German Edition: Der Daumen des Panda Frankfurt 2009 Gould II Stephen Jay Gould Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. Further Reflections in Natural History, New York 1983 German Edition: Wie das Zebra zu seinen Streifen kommt Frankfurt 1991 Gould III Stephen Jay Gould Full House. The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, New York 1996 German Edition: Illusion Fortschritt Frankfurt 2004 Gould IV Stephen Jay Gould The Flamingo’s Smile. Reflections in Natural History, New York 1985 German Edition: Das Lächeln des Flamingos Basel 1989 |
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