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The author or concept searched is found in the following 10 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
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| Conservation Laws | Kanitscheider | I 204 Conservation of energy/RT/Kanitscheider: the abstract mathematical reason for the non-conservation of energy in General Relativity (GR) is geometrical. For all matter fields there is a tensor Tμν describing their energy content and this satisfies a local conservation-like condition Tμν iv= 0. However, in order to pass from the local conservation statement for energy and momentum to a statement about the finite domain, the structure of spacetime must be such that its metric admits the existence of a symmetry vector. Only in case of symmetry an integration of the local spacetime can be performed. Then and only then one can claim that the flux of energy and momentum vanishes over the edge of a closed surface. Spacetime/SR/GR/Kanitscheider: This is certainly the case in the flat spacetime of SR, which admits a 10-parameter group of isometries. (inhomogeneous Lorentz group), but not in an arbitrary spacetime of AR, where the curvature can be of manifold type. >Universe/Kanitscheider, cf. >Cosmological principle, >Energy, >Relativity theory. I 205 Conservation of energy/FRW worlds/Kanitscheider: (8) Analogue to the energy theorem of thermodynamics: (8') d(ρR³) + pdR³ = 0 Due to the pressure term, the energy density ρ changes in every comobile element of the cosmic liquid, it decreases with expansion and increases with contraction. Since ρR³ is also to be called mass, one can also speak of matter annihilation and matter creation! As the stars continue to radiate, the radiation pressure p continues to increase. In the contracting elements of the comobile volume dV the energy density is higher than in those of the expanding phase. Here it is important to realize that the nonconservation of energy is connected with the homogeneity and boundlessness of the universe. Namely, the photons and matter particles exert a pressure on the edge that triggers a redshift and slowing of motion. If the space were a cylinder, one could imagine that this pressure does a work, like the pressure on a piston. I 206 In homogeneous space-time, where each representative volume is followed by another, none of these volumes can be the winner of the energy loss of another. For it too must lose energy as a result of the pressure exerted on its imaginary boundary walls. . In the case of the steam engine, a real inhomogeneity is introduced by the wall. Thus one sees that in the special situation of cosmology even the conservation of energy becomes inapplicable. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Cosmological Constant | Kanitscheider | I 151 Einstein universe/Kanitscheider: The Einstein universe starts from a strong, not directly testable initial assumption, with the conviction that locally testable statements can be derived from it. Spherical geometry according to the basic idea of general relativity (GR). Equal distribution of matter, assumption of an "ideal fluid". Especially the low relative velocity of the stars among each other was the reason to approach a global density T00 = ρ despite the tremendously complex matter distribution. Metric: simple static metric of the three-sphere with the constant radius R: I 152 (1) ds² = dt² + R²[dr² + sin²r(dϑ² + sin² ϑdφ²)] If we now look at the sections ϑ,φ = const, so you get a cylinder which the coordinate r goes around from 0 to π and the time t extends along the mantle without restriction into the future and past. Problem: This does not satisfy the field equations of gravity. Einstein had to introduce the cosmological constant λ. The field equation had to be extended with the term λ x gμν. The extension is compatible with the conservation law. In this model, space is spherical, finite and unbounded, while time is open and unaffected by curvature! World without center and without edge, in which spatially everything is finite (volume, number of galaxies, the longest paths). Thus, the otherwise complicated field equations were reduced to simple algebraic relations between the quantities λ, ρ and R. R/notation: Radius of curvature of the world. Cosmological constant λ: associated with the radius of curvature R of the world: λ = 1/R². Also with the matter density ρ: λ = 4πGρ/c². This leads to a value of λ = 10-57 cm -2. For the cylinder world with a radius R of 3 x 1010 light years. Cosmological constant/Kanitscheider: physically it is bound to the stability of a static world with constant density. Then one can ask, what prevents the large masses to agglomerate. Cosmologically, λ > 0 now provides a weak repulsive force! However, Eddington proved that this is not consistent with respect to weak fluctuations. I 154 Cosmological constant/field equations/Kanitscheider: Left side: geometric, here the cosmological constant can mean λ curvature. Right side: " material side": here λ can be negative density. The cosmological constant often gets the meaning of the energy density of the vacuum in the context of quantum field theory. It represents in a certain way a restoration of the universal time destroyed by the SR. I 158 Cosmological constant/Kanitscheider: should ensure the complete dependence of the inertial field gμν on all matter and prevent the field equations from admitting solutions for empty space. It was clear, of course, that the Minkowski spacetime (1) ds² = dt² + R²[dr² + sin²r(dϑ² + sin² ϑdφ²)] as the simplest empty world of Relativity Theory is in any case a strict solution. >Minkowski space. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Covariance | Kanitscheider | II 44 Def covariance/general covariance/Einstein/Kanitscheider: metatheoretical requirement that the equations of physics may only be formulated using mathematical objects which have the same form in all coordinate systems. The basic equations must not distinguish certain coordinate systems. The demand for coordinate independence has no special empirical content, but expresses only that a physical law may not depend on a freely selectable conceptual construction. In the meantime one knows also that one can formulate Newton's gravitation theory coordinate-free. >Coordinate system/Kanitscheider, >Gravitation/Kanitscheider, >Gravitation/Einstein, >Theory of Relativity. Today one sees the covariance no more as the mathematical formulation of the general relativity of motion, but as the demand on a theory that it must not contain any absolute objects independent of the matter distribution. The theory should not use primordial undynamic background geometry. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Events | Einstein | Kanitscheider I 164 Event/General Theory of Relativity/Kanitscheider: every event is a point in four-dimensional space-time that can be described independently of all conceptual constructions such as vector bases and coordinate systems. Space-time/Einstein: somewhere between 10-15 and 10-33 cm the smooth manifold image of space-time breaks down. >Spacetime/Einstein, >Gravitation/Einstein, >Covariance/Einstein. Kanitscheider I 166/167 Def light cone/Kanitscheider: shows the character of Einstein's gravitational theory well: if we pick out a point e in space-time, it represents a physical event. The cone of light from e is then the story of a spherical flash of light that converges inward towards e and then diverges outward again from e. The cone of light reflects the local causal structure of the Relativity Theory. All allowed processes are represented by world lines lying inside or at most (in the case of photons and neutrinos) on the mantle of the cone. All events in the past cone can affect e and all in the future cone can be affected by e. The gravitation-free space-time of the Secial Relativity (matter-free universe) can be distinguished from the generally relativistic space-times filled with gravitational fields by the local light cone structure. In the SR (without matter) the cones are all arranged the same. In the General Relativity (with matter) they are inclined according to the strength of acting gravitational fields. (Effect on the causal structure and time by the gravitation of matter). >Special Relativity. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Hardware | Bostrom | I 71 Hardware/superintelligence/Bostrom: advantages for digital intelligences: - Speed of computational elements. Biological neurons operate at a peak speed of about 200 Hz, a full seven orders of magnitude slower than a modern I 72 microprocessor (~ 2 GHz).)(*) As a consequence, the human brain is forced to rely on massive parallelization and is incapable of rapidly performing any computation that requires a large number of sequential operations. - Internal communication speed. Axons carry action potentials at speeds of 120 m/s or less, whereas electronic processing cores can communicate optically at the speed of light (300,000,000 m/s).(3) - Number of computational elements. The human brain has somewhat fewer than 100 billion neurons. I 339 The number of neurons in an adult human male brain has been estimated at 86.1 ± 8.1 billion, a number arrived at by dissolving brains and fractionating out the cell nuclei, counting the ones stained with a neuron-specific marker. In the past, estimates in the neighborhood of 75–125 billion neurons were common. These were typically based on manual counting of cell densities in representative small regions (Azevedo et al. 2009(4)). I 72 By contrast, computer hardware is indefinitely scalable up to very high physical limits. I 339 The ultimate physical limits to computation set by quantum mechanics, general relativity, and thermodynamics are, however, far beyond this “Jupiter brain” level (Sandberg 1999(5); Lloyd 2000(6)). - Storage capacity. Human working memory is able to hold no more than some four or five chunks of information at any given time. I 340 The number of chunks working memory can maintain is both information- and task-dependent; however, it is clearly limited to a small number of chunks. See Miller (1956)(7) and Cowan (2001)(8). I 73 - Reliability, lifespan, sensors, etc. Machine intelligences might have various other hardware advantages. I 340 For example, biological neurons are less reliable than transistors. Channel noise can trigger action potentials, and synaptic noise produces significant variability in the strength of transmitted signals. Nervous systems appear to have evolved to make numerous trade-offs between noise tolerance and costs (mass, size, time delays); see Faisal et al. (2008)(9). For example, axons cannot be thinner than 0.1 µm lest random opening of ion channels create spontaneous action potentials (Faisal et al. 2005)(10). >Software/Bostrom, >Superintelligence, >Artificial intelligence, >Artificial neural networks, >Machine learning. * This mainly occurs in short bursts in a subset of neurons—most have more sedate firing rates (Gray and McCormick 1996)(1); Steriade et al. 1998(2)). 1. Gray, C. M., and McCormick, D. A. 1996. “Chattering Cells: Superficial Pyramidal Neurons Contributing to the Generation of Synchronous Oscillations in the Visual Cortex.” Science 274 (5284): 109–13. 2. Steriade, M., Timofeev, I., Durmuller, N., and Grenier, F. 1998. “Dynamic Properties of Corticothalamic Neurons and Local Cortical Interneurons Generating Fast Rhythmic (30–40 Hz) Spike Bursts.” Journal of Neurophysiology 79 (1): 483–90. 3. Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H., and Jessell, Thomas M., eds. 2000. Principles of Neural Science. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 4. Azevedo, F. A. C., Carvalho, L. R. B., Grinberg, L. T., Farfel, J. M., Ferretti, R. E. L., Leite, R. E. P., Jacob, W., Lent, R., and Herculano-Houzel, S. 2009. “Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled-up Primate Brain.” Journal of Comparative Neurology 513 (5): 532–41. 5. Sandberg, Anders. 1999. “The Physics of Information Processing Superobjects: Daily Life Among the Jupiter Brains.” Journal of Evolution and Technology 5. 6. Lloyd, Seth. 2000. “Ultimate Physical Limits to Computation.” Nature 406 (6799): 1047–54. 7. Miller, George A. 1956. “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information.” Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97. 8. Cowan, Nelson. 2001. “The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (1): 87–114. 9. Faisal, A. A., Selen, L. P., and Wolpert, D. M. 2008. “Noise in the Nervous System.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (4): 292–303. 10. Faisal, A. A., White, J. A., and Laughlin, S. B. 2005. “Ion-Channel Noise Places Limits on the Miniaturization of the Brain’s Wiring.” Current Biology 15 (12): 1143–9. |
Bostrom I Nick Bostrom Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017 |
| Principles | Genz | II 29 Irrevocability/principle/Genz: evolution explains why some principles seem irrevocable to us without being so. II 118 Understanding/principle/principles/Genz: a deeper understanding is achieved if one can show that a theory can be derived from principles. >Understanding, >Theories, >Derivation, >Derivability. Theory of Relativity/Einstein/Genz: Einstein has done this for the three theories of relativity. >Relativity theory. II 181 Principles/Genz: natural laws or laws of nature can be traced back to principles. >Natural laws. II 182 Principle/principles/explanation/Genz: final objective: is the explanation by principles. God is not a mathematician - but sticks to principles. Principle/Genz: for example, it could be that a successful physical theory defines a measured value which is clearly defined by the theory, but from its definition it follows that it cannot be calculated. >Measurements, >Definitions. II 228 Principle/laws/science/physics/mathematics/relativity theory/Genz: the relativity theories can be founded retrospectively by principles. Einstein himself found it. The most important principle of the general theory of relativity: Definition equivalence principle/Genz: the equivalence principle says that there is an indistinguishability of gravity and acceleration. >Equivalence principle. II 229 1. Principle for the derivation of the Special Theory of Relativity: light is - unlike sound - no vibration of a medium, resulting in the principle of the independence of the speed of light from the movement of the source (based on the physics of electricity and magnetism). 2. Principle for the derivation of special relativity: the laws of nature shall apply to all observers who move in the same direction with constant and equal speed. (Can be traced back to Galileo). >Special Relativity. II 231 Principles/universe/nature/Euan Squires/Genz: thesis: in the universe, principles apply that can be seen and formulated without mathematics. Mathematical laws of nature: are then nothing else but formalizations of these principles by more precise means. Explanation: however, it is the principles themselves that enable explanation and understanding. >Explanations. Description/measure/measurement/Relativity Theory/Squires/Genz: the General Relativity Theory declares it indispensable that we can describe the universe independently of the choice of variables for space and time. Here mathematics is even excluded! Principles/Elementary Particle Theory/Particle Theory/Standard Model/Genz: the standard model follows from the principle that observers can choose their conventions independently of each other without changing the laws at different locations and at different times: the same natural laws should apply everywhere. Framework: in which this demand is formulated: is the relativistic quantum field theory. However, this is mathematical in itself. >Reference systems. II 232 Principles/Genz: thesis: the laws of nature follow from simple, non-mathematical principles. For example, the Dirac equation has been found mathematically, but it is a realization of laws whose form is determined by non-mathematical principles such as symmetry. Mathematics/Genz: mathematics is like a servant here who separates equations that do not satisfy the principles. Principle/Genz: what principles allow seems to be realized, no matter whether it is mathematically simple or not. For example Hadrons: that Hadrons meet the requirements of group SU (3) seemed to follow first from a mathematical principle. Today it is known that hadrons are made up of quarks. II 233 Principle/Genz: for the purpose of application, it may be necessary to formulate a principle mathematically. For understanding, however, we need the non-mathematical principles. Progress/Genz: one can even say that in physics they are accompanied by the substitution of mathematical principles with non-mathematical principles. For example Plato tried to explain the structure of the cosmos with five regular bodies. Kepler recorded this, and later they were replaced by the assumption of random initial conditions. For example, spectrum of the hydrogen atom: was calculated exactly by a formula. Later this was understood by Bohr's atomic model. II 234 Principle/Newton/force/Genz: for example, the force exerted by one body on another is proportional to the reciprocal of the square of the distance between the bodies. That is mathematical. Newton himself could not base this assumption on principles. Only Einstein was able to do that. Principles of quantum mechanics: see >Quantum mechanics/Genz. |
Gz I H. Genz Gedankenexperimente Weinheim 1999 Gz II Henning Genz Wie die Naturgesetze Wirklichkeit schaffen. Über Physik und Realität München 2002 |
| Space Time | Russell | II 50f Space/Time/Space Time Continuum/Relativity Theory/Russell: new: space and time determinations are no longer independent of one another. If you change the type of space determination, you probably also change the time interval between two events. - Or if you change the type of time determination, you might change the spatial distance. There is no universal time any more. Only when two bodies are at rest, their proper times match. >Theory of Relativity. Def definately earlier: is an event if it can affect another. Graphic/(s): is two circles around two dots. Points of intersection: happen at the same time - for someone in the intersection: Both events were observed - depending on whether closer to A or B, the corresponding event is observed earlier. II 68 Def Spatio-Temporal Distance/Russell: you take the square of the distance between two events and the square of the distance that light travels in the time between the two events - then subtract the smaller of these numbers from the larger one and define the result as the square of the distance between the two events. This distance is the same for all observers and represents a true physical relationship between the two events, which is not the case in temporal and spatial distance. General Relativity Theory: the concept of distance must be further generalized. II 115 Space Time/Time/Momentum/Mass/Relativity Theory/Russell: if we replace time with space-time, we note that the measured mass (as opposed to the rest mass) is a quantity of the same kind as the momentum in a given direction: you could call it momentum of the time direction. The measured mass is obtained by multiplying the invariant mass with the time that elapses when covering the distance. Momentum: is obtained by multiplying the invariant mass with the distance. |
Russell I B. Russell/A.N. Whitehead Principia Mathematica Frankfurt 1986 Russell II B. Russell The ABC of Relativity, London 1958, 1969 German Edition: Das ABC der Relativitätstheorie Frankfurt 1989 Russell IV B. Russell The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford 1912 German Edition: Probleme der Philosophie Frankfurt 1967 Russell VI B. Russell "The Philosophy of Logical Atomism", in: B. Russell, Logic and KNowledge, ed. R. Ch. Marsh, London 1956, pp. 200-202 German Edition: Die Philosophie des logischen Atomismus In Eigennamen, U. Wolf (Hg) Frankfurt 1993 Russell VII B. Russell On the Nature of Truth and Falsehood, in: B. Russell, The Problems of Philosophy, Oxford 1912 - Dt. "Wahrheit und Falschheit" In Wahrheitstheorien, G. Skirbekk (Hg) Frankfurt 1996 |
| Substantivalism | Field | I 13 Def substantivalism/Field: asserts that literal speech about space can be taken at face value, even without physical objects. Then it is also useful to say that the space is empty. >Space, >Empty Space, >Relationism. I 14 FieldVsSubstantivalism: is forced to answer a relationist in his own terms. I 47 Substantivalism/Field: (the thesis that there are empty spacetime regions). Space time regions are known as causally active: e.g. field theories such as classical electromagnetism or the general relativity theory or quantum field theory. Resnik: we should not ask "What properties of the spacetime points ..?" but "What is the structure of space-time?" FieldVsResnik: that's wrong. The theory of the electromagnetic field is also that of the properties of the parts of the space time that are not occupied by objects. I 171 Definition Substantivalism/Field: Thesis: empty space exists. - Definition Relationism: Thesis: there is no empty space. Part-of-relation: exists in both. >Part-of-relation. I 181 Substantivalism/Field: favors the field theory. >Field theory. I 184 Substantivalism/Newton pro: E.g. bucket experiment: shows that we need the concept of absolute acceleration and the one of the equality of place over time - (space that exists through time). --- III 34f Field pro substantivalism: there is empty space time. - Spacetimepoints are entities in their own right. - Field: that is compatible with the nominalism. - VsRelationism: this cannot accept Hilbert's axioms. VsRelationism: cannot accept physical fields. - Platonism: assumes at fields spacetime points with properties. - VsRelationism: this one cannot do it. |
Field I H. Field Realism, Mathematics and Modality Oxford New York 1989 Field II H. Field Truth and the Absence of Fact Oxford New York 2001 Field III H. Field Science without numbers Princeton New Jersey 1980 Field IV Hartry Field "Realism and Relativism", The Journal of Philosophy, 76 (1982), pp. 553-67 In Theories of Truth, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994 |
| Theories | Deutsch | I 14 Theory: the vast majority of theories are rejected because they give poor explanations, but not because they cannot be experimentally confirmed. >Explanations, >Experiments, >Review, >Confirmation, >Verifiability. I 17 Understanding/Theory: we do not necessarily have to understand everything that a theory can explain. For example quasars: in the past it was thought that their explanation would require a new physics. But now we believe that they can be explained by general relativity. >Understanding, >Relativity Theory, >General Relativity. I 26 Initial state: There is the misunderstanding that theories of the initial state would be the most elementary. No theory can explain the beginning by something earlier. >Beginning. I 74 f A theory should provide justifications (Popper) instead of accumulating or predicting facts. Activities as such have no meaning. >Verification. But it is not the case that theories become untenable by refutation, they are actually already untenable because they are bad explanations. I 83 Languages are theories! They embody assumptions about the world in their vocabulary and grammar. >Language of theories, >Observation language, >Theory ladenness. I 83 Vs Ad hoc-Theory: an ad hoc-theory is derived from the dominant and only supplemented by one of the unexplained additions. This addition is actually a new theory. There are no reasons for this. ...because your theory, unlike mine, does not explain your predictions. |
Deutsch I D. Deutsch Fabric of Reality, Harmondsworth 1997 German Edition: Die Physik der Welterkenntnis München 2000 |
| Time Travel | Kanitscheider | I 293 "Causality violation"/Kanitscheider: Expression that a thought experiment requires a time reversal, a journey faster than light, or a reversal of effect and cause. Also known as the "grandfather paradox" in the context of time travel. >Causality. Time/Gödel/Kanitscheider: Gödel found a solution to the field equation that enables time travel. Gödel doubts an objective passage of time and interprets the temporality of the world as an anthropomorphic, subjective element unimportant for physical reality. >Field equations. Time/Kanitscheider: The relativity of simultaneity has prompted many authors to consider using a different reference system to destroy the temporal coincidence of two events, as a result of which time has lost its status of reflecting the objective flow of things. But that's only true if you equate "relative" with "subjective". In the case of a neutral, abstract formulation of the theory, however, this is not required at all. It also makes no sense to connect the conceptual and the concrete level in this way. A coordinate system can represent a reference system, a physical object, but does not have to. >Coordinate system. I 296 Time travel/Special Theory of Relativity/SR/Kanitscheider: The Special Theory of Relativity does not hold any possibility for time travel, although it includes the light cone, i.e. a traveler would not only have a single fiber within this cone, but a scope with which he could accelerate his time drift, but with it it can only affect the rate of elapsed time. For example, he can keep the quantum of elapsed time small by placing his movement close to the zero cone. He cannot change the chronology. >Events. Time travel/Kanitscheider: Vs time machine/VsWells: H.G.Wells makes the mistake of letting the traveler ascend and descend the earth's world line on the same earthly point in space. Precisely this leads to the conceptual impossibility of moving forwards and backwards in time. Time travel/General Relativity/Kanitscheider: that changes when matter comes into play. I 298 Violation of causality/Kanitscheider: Assuming a coordinate system with rotational symmetry around the origin, then the local light cone at r = 0 encloses the t coordinate in its future direction upwards as usual. However, if you move away from the origin, the local light cones begin to incline towards the plane of rotation. >Symmetries. When the cone of light touches the plane of rotation with its mantle, the earlier angular coordinate becomes light-like, and at an even greater distance time-like. This role reversal of the coordinates, so that the opening of the light cone is first in a space-like, but now in a time-like coordinate, is the hallmark of the violation of causality. Eg if p is the temporal predecessor of q on an open curve with infinite affine length, then there is also a time-like curve on which q is the predecessor of p. The consequences are absurd: e.g. a body with a circular time-like world line encounters a given galaxy only once when the event is observed from the galaxy, but for the inhabitant of the body the encounter recurs periodically. E.g. In a spiraling world line, everyone thinks the other is younger at every encounter, although both agree that time has passed. Time travel/Kanitscheider: of course the grandfather paradox remains, but the Gödel world cannot be ruled out. Our current universe almost certainly doesn't allow time travel due to the lack of rotation. One would have to rely on a naked singularity or manipulation of local matter. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
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| Disputed term/author/ism | Author Vs Author |
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| Anthropic Principle | Kanitscheider Vs Anthropic Principle | Kanitscheider I 279 VsAnthropic Principle/AP/Kanitscheider: this shows how a stronger explanation than "s = 10 exp 8, because we are here"... can look. However, it remains the case that a change in the value of s would be fatal: a lowering would have led to the fact that due to the low radiation pressure matter would have been transformed early into heavy elements and then no energy sources would have been available. I 280 A lift of s also did not provide any energy sources, because the galaxies could not have formed because of the high radiation pressure. Nevertheless, a causal explanation by means of a GUT (Great Unifying Theory) is superior to the AP (Anthropic Principle). Kanitscheider II 88 Flatness Problem/Kanitscheider: Standard model: must accept any kind of space curvature as a contingent fact. After that it is amazing that the universe has expanded just as it is and has made our existence as thinking beings possible. (Or at any moment has Euclidean Geometry). In the General Relativity Theory, the flat metric has no excellent position. InflationVsAnthropic Principle: Inflation is a heuristic principle that sets in motion the search for hot and cold dark matter to causally explain its actual nature. Great Unifying Theory/Kanitscheider: no longer up to date today. It makes it possible to understand the Weinberg angle and the amount equality of the charge of proton and electron as necessary traits of nature. II 81 VsGreat Unifying Theory: it turned out that the lifetime of the proton is considerably longer: at least 1032 years half-life, if not infinite. Now there are other symmetries, e.g. SO(10), which predict a longer lifetime. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Einstein, A. | Verschiedene Vs Einstein, A. | Esfeld I 283 Hidden Parameters/David Bohm/Esfeld: best elaborated theory of hidden parameters. But compatible with holism. Although Bohm does not take a deterministic view of the world, his alternative to conventional quantum mechanics (QM) is deterministic. Thesis: a quantum system (QS) always has a definite value of place. This value is the hidden parameter. Each quantum system therefore has a definite orbit that is causally determined. The behavior of the quantum system in the measurement is also causally determined. "Causal interpretation of quantum system". Apart from the location, all other observables are context-dependent. Regardless of the context of the measurement, the particle (Quantum System) has only a potential value of the observable. Measurement/Bohm: updates the properties. E.g. the spin is acquired. Properties/Quantum System/Bohm: should therefore be regarded as dispositional. (>Disposition). Independent of hidden parameters. I 284 Quantum Mechanics/Bohm: Thesis: there is a potential or quantum field. It determines the path of a quantum system causally. The quantum potential (QP) is non-local. BohmVsEinstein: in contrast to the classic potential, the quantum potential does not need to become smaller with the spatial distance! Bohm/Esfeld: violates the parameters independence (PI), while the conventional quantum mechanics violates the result independence (RI). Quantum Potential: is a new kind of interaction (force), non-local interaction. So a violation of the local effect. I 285 Bohm/Esfeld: is this a rich holism? The quantum potential cannot be described in terms of pre-existing relationships between particles. It is not determined by the locations of the particles alone. It is therefore not sufficient for a philosophical locality condition such as Hume's supervenience (Lewis, see below). on the other hand, Bohm identifies non-locality with indivisible wholeness and not separability. Bohm ignores the distinction between non-separability and violating the local effect. With the quantum potential, he introduces a new, non-local effect. However, non-local interaction is not holism! Holism/Bohm/Esfeld: in relation to holism, Bohm is at least ambiguous. Hennig Genz Gedankenexperimente, Weinheim 1999 VIII 176 Clock-Experiment/BohrVsEinstein: 1. No completely rigid arrangement can serve as a scale. In general, every measuring instrument must be able to react to changes in the measured variable. This makes it an object which itself is subject to the uncertainty relation quantum mechanics.(> Measuring). 2. Each weighing (measurement) takes time. The more accurate it should be, the more time is needed. N.B.: it is precisely the general relativity theory that Einstein refutes: the longer the measurement takes and the greater the variation in height of the system, the less precisely it determines the time at which the photon escaped. |
Es I M. Esfeld Holismus Frankfurt/M 2002 |
| Popper, K. | Genz Vs Popper, K. | Hennig Genz Gedankenexperimente, Weinheim 1999 VIII 30/31 PopperVsBohr: has inadmissibly invoked a theory (General Relativity Theory) which could not be refuted by the arguments based on the Special Relativity Theory. GenzVsPopper: confuses mention and use of thought experiments. In addition, one must not forbid using arguments from other areas of physics to draw on contradictions in sub-areas when they serve the unity of physics. For example, in black holes there are contradictions between thermodynamics and the General Relativity Theory, which can be resolved by quantum mechanics. VIII 176 GenzVsPopper: contrary to his prohibition, we added the quantum mechanics to an "apologetic" experiment and thus restored the unity of physics. |
Gz I H. Genz Gedankenexperimente Weinheim 1999 Gz II Henning Genz Wie die Naturgesetze Wirklichkeit schaffen. Über Physik und Realität München 2002 |
| Various Authors | Kanitscheider Vs Various Authors | Kanitscheider I 433 Infinity/Material Existence/Physics: some models require physical infinity: the hyperbolic world of general relativity theory (AR), the steady astate theory (SST). Infinity/Mathematics/Physics: Gauss: is skeptical about actual infinite quantities. LucretiusVsArchimedes: is infinity mere possibility of an object to traverse new space-time points? (remains a discussion until today). Bolzano: the objective existence of infinite sets cannot fail due to the impossibility of imagining every single object. I 434 NewtonVsDescartes: not "indefinite" but actual infinite space! KantVsNewton: the infinite is unimaginable! NewtonVsKant: not imaginable, but conceptually comprehensible! Riemann: Differentiation infinite/unlimited (new!). Solution for the problem of the "beyond space". Three-ball (S³) conceptually analytically easy to handle. I 435 Sets/infinity: here the sentence: "The whole is larger than the parts" is no longer applicable. (But extensional determination is also not necessary, intensional is enough). Space: Question: Can an open infinite space contain more than Aleph 0 objects of finite size? Solution: "densest packing" of spatially convex cells: this set cannot be larger than countable. Thus no a priori obstacle that the number of galaxies in an unlimited Riemann space of non-ending volume is the smallest transfinite cardinal number. II 102 Measurement/Consciousness/Observer/Quantum Mechanics/QM: Psychological Interpretation: Fritz London and Edmund Bauer, 1939 >New Age Movement. II 103 Thesis: the observer constitutes the new physical objectivity through his consciousness, namely the rotation of the vector in the Hilbert space. 1. KanitscheiderVsBauer: Problem: then there is no definite single state of matter without the intervention of a psyche. 2. KanitscheiderVsBauer: on the one hand consciousness is included in the quantum-mechanical laws, on the other hand it should possess special properties within the observer, namely those which transfer the combined system of object, apparatus and observer without external impulse from the hybrid superposition state into the single state in which the partial elements are decoupled. 3. KanitscheiderVsBauer: strange that the Schrödinger equation, the most fundamental law of quantum mechanics, should not be applicable to consciousness. 4. KanitscheiderVsBauer: also doubt whether the consciousness can really be in the superposition of different completely equal soul states. (Bauer had adopted his thesis from Erich Becher's interactionalistic body soul dualism II 104). I 423 Space Curvature/Empirical Measurement/Schwarzschild/Kanitscheider: Schwarzschild: Distortion of the triangle formed by the Earth's orbit parallax. Although the curvature factors are not known, one can conclude that if the space is hyperbolic (K < 0), the parallax of very distant stars must be positive. I 424 If you now observe stars with a vanishing parallax, the measurement accuracy provides an upper limit for the value of negative curvature. If the space is spherical - the parallax must be negative. Schwarzschild: in the hyperbolic case, the radius of curvature should be at least 64 light years, in the elliptical at least 1600 light-years. KanitscheiderVsSchwarzschild: such theory-independent experiments are today rightly regarded as hopeless. I 296 Time Travels/Kanitscheider: VsTime Machine/VsWells: H.G. Wells makes the mistake that he lets the traveler ascend and descend the world line of the earth on the same earthly space point. Exactly this leads to the conceptual impossibility of forward and backward movement in time. Time Travel/General Relativity Theory/Kanitscheider: this changes when matter comes into play. |
Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Wheeler, J.A. | Esfeld Vs Wheeler, J.A. | Esfeld I 234 Geometrodynamics/Wheeler: In contrast to the general relativity theory, which only takes gravity into account, it contains electromagnetism and elementary particles. The physical properties are included in the properties that make something a part of space time in the sense of Riemann's diversity, I 235 because they are identical to geometric properties such as curvature. Slightly Curved: Gravitational Field Crimped: Electromagnetic Field Strongly curved, knotted: Particle Fields. John Graves: then this space time is not a passive arena. It's not a collection of things, it's a single thing. (1971,S.79 101) Esfeld: it is therefore often associated with Cartesianism and Spinoza. It failed, however, because it did not overcome three problems: VsGeometrodynamics: 1. Initial Value: it cannot distinguish between several physically different initial conditions in electromagnetism. I 236 2. Singularities: wanted to avoid them 3. Elementary particles: Fermions (spin 1/2) cannot be dealt with by it. I 321 Ontology/Esfeld: is not very plausible if one recognizes space time and matter as different basic entities. VsGeometrodynamics: the opposite program becomes more attractive after its failure: namely to gain a theory of space-time based on the quantum mechanics of matter. |
Es I M. Esfeld Holismus Frankfurt/M 2002 |
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The author or concept searched is found in the following 2 theses of the more related field of specialization.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
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| General Relat. Th. | Field, Hartry | III 64 Field theory: the theory of general relativity, we can obtain more general affine structures. |
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| Observation | Fraassen, B. van | I 63 Observability/General Relativity Theory/Glymour/Fraassen: Limits of observability (2 studies by Clark Glymour): 1. Thesis: measurement reveals only the values of local quantities, it cannot show the global structure of space-time. 2. Thesis: any observable structure lies in the past, therefore ditto. (FN 20, 21). Theory/Fraassen: Thesis: Theories indeed describe much more than what is observable, but it is about empirical adequacy and not truth and how the theory goes beyond the observable phenomena. I 197 Observability/Existence/Fraassen: thesis: there is no logical connection between observability and existence. |
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