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The author or concept searched is found in the following 21 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ancient Philosophy | Habermas | III 15 Ancient Philosophy/Habermas: Greek thought is not aimed at a theology or an ethical cosmology in the sense of the great world religions, but it is aimed at ontology. >Ontology, >Theology, >Religion, >Ethics. |
Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 |
| Causality | Minsky | Minsky I 48 Circularity/circular causality/Minsky: Two goals can support each other: A causes B John wanted to go home because he felt tired of work. B causes A John felt tired of work because he wanted to go home. There need be no first cause (…). Then a loop of circular causality ensues, in which each goal gains support from the other until their combined urge becomes irresistible. We're always enmeshed in causal loops. Suppose you had borrowed past your means and later had to borrow more in order to pay the interest on your loan. If you were asked what the difficulty was, it would not be enough to say simply, Because I have to pay the interest, or to say only, Because I have to pay the principal. Neither alone is the actual cause, and you'd have to explain that you're caught in a loop. >Circular reasoning, >Explanation, >Actions. There are countless different types of networks that contain loops. But all networks that contain no loops are basically the same: each has the form of a simple chain. >Networks, >Neural Networks, >Artificial Neural Networks. Minsky I 49 Unanswerable questions: What caused the universe, and why? How can you tell which beliefs are true? What is the purpose of life? How can you tell what is good? >Cosmology. These questions seem different on the surface, but all of them share one quality that makes them impossible to answer: all of them are circular! But when thinking keeps returning to its source, it doesn't always mean something's wrong. For circular thinking can lead to growth when it results, at each return, in deeper and more powerful ideas. |
Minsky I Marvin Minsky The Society of Mind New York 1985 Minsky II Marvin Minsky Semantic Information Processing Cambridge, MA 2003 |
| Conservation Laws | Kanitscheider | I 204 Conservation of energy/RT/Kanitscheider: the abstract mathematical reason for the non-conservation of energy in General Relativity (GR) is geometrical. For all matter fields there is a tensor Tμν describing their energy content and this satisfies a local conservation-like condition Tμν iv= 0. However, in order to pass from the local conservation statement for energy and momentum to a statement about the finite domain, the structure of spacetime must be such that its metric admits the existence of a symmetry vector. Only in case of symmetry an integration of the local spacetime can be performed. Then and only then one can claim that the flux of energy and momentum vanishes over the edge of a closed surface. Spacetime/SR/GR/Kanitscheider: This is certainly the case in the flat spacetime of SR, which admits a 10-parameter group of isometries. (inhomogeneous Lorentz group), but not in an arbitrary spacetime of AR, where the curvature can be of manifold type. >Universe/Kanitscheider, cf. >Cosmological principle, >Energy, >Relativity theory. I 205 Conservation of energy/FRW worlds/Kanitscheider: (8) Analogue to the energy theorem of thermodynamics: (8') d(ρR³) + pdR³ = 0 Due to the pressure term, the energy density ρ changes in every comobile element of the cosmic liquid, it decreases with expansion and increases with contraction. Since ρR³ is also to be called mass, one can also speak of matter annihilation and matter creation! As the stars continue to radiate, the radiation pressure p continues to increase. In the contracting elements of the comobile volume dV the energy density is higher than in those of the expanding phase. Here it is important to realize that the nonconservation of energy is connected with the homogeneity and boundlessness of the universe. Namely, the photons and matter particles exert a pressure on the edge that triggers a redshift and slowing of motion. If the space were a cylinder, one could imagine that this pressure does a work, like the pressure on a piston. I 206 In homogeneous space-time, where each representative volume is followed by another, none of these volumes can be the winner of the energy loss of another. For it too must lose energy as a result of the pressure exerted on its imaginary boundary walls. . In the case of the steam engine, a real inhomogeneity is introduced by the wall. Thus one sees that in the special situation of cosmology even the conservation of energy becomes inapplicable. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Decidability | Genz | II 206 Compressibility/Decidability/Genz: there can be no computer program that decides if any amount of data is compressible. Stronger: there is no way to prove that it is not compressible. Compressibility: can be proven but not refuted. II 207 Example number pi: π can be generated by a finite program. There are numbers that cannot be calculated in principle: Omega/Chaitin/Genz: this is what Chaitin calls a certain number of which not a single digit can be calculated. It is not accessible to any rule, it is outside mathematics. >Gregory Chaitin. II 218 Decidability/calculability/undecidable/non-calculable/Genz: non-calculable numbers are actually the same as non-decidable numbers. Incalculability/physics/quantum cosmology/Genz: apparent indecidability: the ... of the wave-function of the universe shows apparant indecidability. It deals with the possible geometry of three-dimensional spaces. >Wave function. Simplified: e. g. a circle (one dimensional): to calculate the wave function of the universe for the circle as an argument: the wave function can be represented as a sum of summands, where there is a series of handleless cups, one series of cups with a handle, one series of cups with two handles, etc., whereby the handles can be shaped differently in each case. These represent four-dimensional spaces (with time as 4th dimension). Circle: here time is added as the 2nd dimension. Together they form the two dimensions of the cup surfaces. II 219 3rd dimension: the 3rd dimension in which the surfaces are embedded, serves only as an illustration. It has no equivalent in reality. Problem: it is not possible to decide which cups are to be regarded as the same, which cups are to be regarded as different (cups with differently shaped handles have the same topology). Question: undecidable: whether two cups have the same or different number of handles. (Of course, this is about four, not two dimensions.) Indecidability/Genz: indecidability occurs here only if a computer is to perform the calculation: to describe a cup, it is covered with a certain number of equal triangles. Problem: there cannot be a computer program that decides for any number of covering flat triangles whether two (four-dimensional) cups have the same number of handles. II 220 Theorem: the theorem is rather tame: it now excludes that a program makes a decision for any number of flat triangles, but not for a given number - e. g. one million - flat triangles. This is simply a matter of increasing accuracy. That would be an example of an unpredictable number. Wave function of the Universe/Genz: it could be shown that there are calculable representations of it, so that its incalculability (similar to that of > NOPE) suggested by the regulation of the figure does not actually exist. Definition NOPE/Genz: the smallest number that can only be determined by more than thirteen words minus the smallest number that can only be determined by more than thirteen words N.B.: the rule is impracticable, but we still know that NOPE = 0! II 223 Problem/Genz: there cannot be a program that decides in finite time if any program ever stops. "Stopping problem"/"Non-stopping theorem"/Genz: the "stopping problem" is not a logical but a physical problem. It is impossible to perform infinitely many logical steps in finite time. Time travel/time reversal/time/decision problem/Genz: if time travel were possible, the stopping problem would only be valid to a limited extent. >Time, >Time reversal, >Time arrow, >Symmetries. II 224 Stopping problem/Platonism/Genz: in a platonic world where there are only logical steps instead of time, the non-stopping theorem would also be valid. The point here is the admissibility of evidence rather than its feasibility. >Proofs, >Provability. |
Gz I H. Genz Gedankenexperimente Weinheim 1999 Gz II Henning Genz Wie die Naturgesetze Wirklichkeit schaffen. Über Physik und Realität München 2002 |
| Field Equations | Kanitscheider | I 178 Gravity/Relativity/Kanitscheider: A world filled with gravitational radiation cannot be completely flat. However, the wave is damped by becoming energetically poorer. So a black hole can arise by the self-interaction at the end. One has found strict solutions of the field equations for closed universes whose sole content consists of gravitational waves. Here, the curvature of spacetime itself must form the principium individuationis. Field equation: (4) Rμν - 1/2 gμνR + λ gμν = 8πGTμν left side: phenomena, curvature. right side: matter, cause, pressure, density, tension, charge. Field equation: If formulated as tensor equation, the curvature (and therefore the gravity) disappears in the outer space of the sun. Therefore Einstein uses the Ricci tensor and the curvature scalar R, both contain only the contribution of the local matter. The coupling constant G is not determined by the field equations themselves, but must be determined externally empirically. It does not belong to the nomological but to the contingent elements of the theory. Notation: Rμν: Riccitensor R: Curvature scalar Tμν: Matter tensor >Space curvature/Kanitscheider, >Universe/Kanitscheider, >Relativity theory. I 182 Field equations/channel separators: in their above form they always contain all kinds of spacetimes. Here it is necessary to specify the boundary conditions which separate the local solutions from the global solutions useful in cosmology. Here, at great distance, the spacetime structure merges into the asymptotically flat Minkowski space. This is unsatisfactory, because it allows an excellent observer point of view, in contradiction with the accepted Copernican world view. ((s) asymptotically flat/(s): means that in the outskirts of the universe it is different from us. No life is possible there. Therefore designated observer point of view). >Minkowski space. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Geometry | Kanitscheider | I 187f Geometry/cosmology/FRW/Kanitscheider: a peculiarity of the spatial part of the line element is in the kind of the time-dependent geometry which it includes: the factor R(t),provides for the fact that all spatial structures of cosmic extent (thus larger than galaxies) experience a rotation or shrinking. (Whereby a triangle remains similar). The homogeneity condition excludes other geometrical changes (e.g. shearing of a triangle, whereby the area, but not the form would remain). ((s) Thus the density would increase or decrease). Furthermore, the isotropy forbids a rotation, whereby a direction would be distinguished. Kanitscheider: however, all this goes back to the underlying boundary conditions is not logically a priori or physically necessary! Also world models with relaxed boundary conditions and thus shearing and rotation are to be brought in agreement with Einstein's field equations. >Field equations. I 188/189 Curvature/channel separator: free parameter: k, the so-called curvature index. Notation: k: curvature index. At k = 0 the physical space is flat, Euclidean. Parabolic. At k = +1 it is spherical. Compact, closed world. Trisphere, a most distant point. Unique and invertible mapping, connected to the trisphere S³. Again, an elliptic relation can be obtained by identifying the antipodal points, although the volume of the spaces may well be different. For k = -1 hyperbolic, topologically ambiguous: Euclidean dimensional relations apply locally on both the cylinder and the cone, i.e. finite and infinite models are possible. Also here (and at k = 0) one can achieve by an identification of antipodal points that the three-space becomes compact, only here thereby the symmetry properties of the space are roughly changed, they are then no longer isotropic. But this actually does not answer the question whether the space is infinite, but the line element always only determines the local metric geometry! However, it can be said independently that the world is undoubtedly infinite, i.e. it has no spatial boundary. >Universe/Kanitscheider, >Space curvature/Kanitscheider, >Relativity theory. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Gravitation | Kanitscheider | Gravity/Newton: Law of action at a distance: K = γ m1 m2/r². This can be written in the form of an equation for the potential φ: Δφ = 4πγρ. Potential φ: Feldstärke der Gravitation. Differenzen des Potentials leisten Arbeit! The potential at a point is determined to an integral for 0 - infinity. This degenerates at r > infinity to an indefinite expression. But since we observe clear differences of the potential (field strength of gravity), the universe must have a different structure. This leads to the "gravitation paradox" of classical cosmology. Solution: Assumption of the cosmological constant λ. Then the Poisson-equation is transformed into Δφ = 4πγρ+λφ. Problem: local untestability: because the recoil force caused by it would be measurable only in very distant areas. Gravity/space/equilibrium/cosmology/kanitscheider: only in a universe without center and edge the gravitational effects of all bodies can compensate each other! With an island distribution an agglomeration of matter would have to occur soon, whereby the potential gravitational energy is converted into radiation. To avoid this, one would have to grant the bodies or the galaxy gas stronger own velocity. Problem: by the so strong movement the islands would dissolve soon. It would lead to the evaporation and desolation of the universe. I 143 Gravitational Paradox/Olbers Paradox/Charlier: ingenious solution: hierarchical arrangement of stepwise concentric aggregates of celestial bodies, where the lower order systems always make up the elements of the higher ones. This eliminates the need for an unstable balance of forces. The density ρ becomes lower and lower. 1st Vs: as a result of inhomogeneity, no sampled volume is large enough to be typical. The cosmological principle that a finite part of the infinite universe is representative in terms of large-scale structures is not applicable. 2nd Vs: the hierarchical conception requires an asymptotically flat space structure, which violates the idea of dependence of the spacetime metric on matter content. Unsatisfactory for relativistic conceptions. 3rd Vs: in conflict with observed background radiation. >Olbers paradox. I 174 Gravity/Canite separator: The local simulatability of gravity by acceleration is a significant difference to electromagnetism. Masses are neutral, charges are accelerated by an external according to their charge (positive/negative). Gravitation/Einstein/Kanitscheider: Einstein's theory does not fulfill the superposition principle, according to which the gravitational effect of two bodies can be put together additively. The metric field with its curvature possesses also mass energy! This provides for a self-interaction of the gravitation! That means that the graviton is "charged", while the carrier of the electromagnetic interaction, the photon, is electrically neutral. Space curvature/wave/channel separator: also a gravitational wave has, if it has separated from its source, energy and momentum, acts accordingly as source and delivers a contribution to the space curvature. I 182 Gravitation/Cosmology/Kanitscheider: Gravitation is not shieldable in contrast to electromagnetism. Therefore it is the only interaction which is used to explain the universe. >Space Curvature/Kanitscheider. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Hermeneutics | Schelling | Bubner I 87 Plato/Schelling/Bubner: the early Schelling himself related impartially Plato's cosmology of ideas to the reconciliation interests of early idealism between subjectivity and the world. >Ideas/Plato, >Plato, >Ideas, >Idealism, >Idealism as author, >Subjectivity, >World, >World/thinking. Plato/Idealism/Bubner: for reasons of economy in the introduction of new concepts, platonic ideas were also reformulated transcendental-philosophically. >Metaphysics, cf. >Conservativity. KantVsSchelling/Bubner: Here, in passing, Kant discovers the hermeneutical maxim that it applies to understand an author better than he understood himself. >Understanding, >Meaning change, >Theory change, cf. >Interpretation/Rorty. |
Bu I R. Bubner Antike Themen und ihre moderne Verwandlung Frankfurt 1992 |
| Individual Causation | Vollmer | II 56 Uniqueness/Unique/explanation/uniqueness/unique items/Science/Vollmer: Pauli: the unique does not have to be less essential - uniqueness/Vollmer: only when something is in principle and necessary or proven unique the arguments can be applied VsExplanation. >Explanation, >Causal explanation, >Essence. II 57 E.g. cosmology: refers to the principle unique. II 58 Uniqueness/Unique/explanation/uniqueness/unique items/Science/Vollmer: Problem: then law of nature is indistinguishable from boundary conditions. >Natural laws, >Conditions. E.g. Why the gravitational constant G has the value G = 6.67 has 10 -8, does not follow from the whole classical physics - all the constants have random values. >Natural constants. Law of nature/Vollmer: also the laws of nature are random. >Contingency, >Random. II 63 Mistake: to assume that only the repeating is based on laws of nature, but not the unique - solution: causality as energy transfer. >Energy. |
Vollmer I G. Vollmer Was können wir wissen? Bd. I Die Natur der Erkenntnis. Beiträge zur Evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie Stuttgart 1988 Vollmer II G. Vollmer Was können wir wissen? Bd II Die Erkenntnis der Natur. Beiträge zur modernen Naturphilosophie Stuttgart 1988 |
| Knowledge | Poundstone | I 184 Knowledge/Poundstone: variants on Justified True Belief: Unjustified true belief: E.g., Democritus's atoms. >Democritus. Justified false belief: E.g., most cosmologies (also Copernicus). Justified false assumption believed: People who doubt false cosmologies, i.e., the Church, which doubted Copernicus" justified but ultimately false theory. >Cosmology. I 186 Truth that is not believed for lack of justification: The philosophers who doubted Democritus. Unjustified belief that is rejected: Ex perpetual motion machine. I 187 Gettier/Poundstone: being right for the right reasons, except that those reasons don't apply. >E. Gettier, >Causal Theory of Knowledge, >Knowledge. I 208 Def Knowledge/Possible Worlds/Hintikka: "increasing knowledge is the reduction in the number of possible worlds consistent with what is known." - Ex All we know is consistent with there being life on Alpha Centauri, but also consistent with there being no life there. - Our ignorance is so great that we cannot distinguish the real world from a merely possible world. >Possible worlds, >Impossible world. |
Poundstone I William Poundstone Labyrinths of Reason, NY, 1988 German Edition: Im Labyrinth des Denkens Hamburg 1995 |
| Language | Feyerabend | I 295 Language/Whorf/Feyerabend: (Anticipated by Bacon): Thesis: Languages and the behavioral patterns associated with them are not mere means to describe events, but they also constitute events (facts). Whorf/Feyerabend: Thesis: the the "linguistic background system" (grammar) in every language is not merely a productive system for the formulation of thoughts, but forms the thoughts itself. >Sapir-Whorf thesis. I 296 Whorf/Feyerabend: there is a knowledge of "latent classifications" (male/female), intuitive, which can be more rational than manifest ones. Even a phoneme can take over distinct semantic functions. E.g. [th] occurs in English mainly in the definite article. This creates a psychic resistance against this sound in made-up words: (for example, "thob"), it is "instinctively" assigned the unvoiced th sound as in "think". But that is not an instinct. It is the "linguistic report". A formal linguistic group can be related to a chain of events, a formal class turns into a semantic one. In the course of time, it subordinates itself to a basic idea and draws other, semantically fitting words. A formal group becomes a semantic group. I 311 Style/Feyerabend: one must not overlook the possibility that a style provides an accurate representation of the world as seen by the artist and his contemporaries. Perhaps people at that time really did feel like a puppet. This would, however, be a realistic interpretation. It would correspond to Whorf's thesis that languages are not just a means of describing events, but they also shape events. VsWhorf: it seems, however, that there were indeed technical means in place to make "more realistic" art. They seem to have been abandoned intentionally! If that is true, then the influence of style (or language) on cosmology and perceptions requires additional arguments. It is not self-evident. These additional arguments (which can never be mandatory) are related to similar circumstances in other areas. |
Feyerabend I Paul Feyerabend Against Method. Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, London/New York 1971 German Edition: Wider den Methodenzwang Frankfurt 1997 Feyerabend II P. Feyerabend Science in a Free Society, London/New York 1982 German Edition: Erkenntnis für freie Menschen Frankfurt 1979 |
| Many-Worlds Interpretation | Kanitscheider | II 122 Many-worlds-interpretation/coincidence/existence/life/Kanitscheider: Brandon Carter 1974(1) Suggestion: to accept an ensemble of worlds in which a real subset has a life-favorable tuning of the constants. The fact that our world belongs to the knowable subset is then logically necessary, otherwise we could not make such a consideration. ((s) Reversal: many worlds instead of a one-off coincidence. The anthropic principle works in reverse). Kanitscheider: This reduces the astonishment that we exist. Cf. >Anthropic principle. Many worlds/Epicurus(2): There are countless worlds, some similar to ours, some dissimilar. After all, atoms are not built for one world, nor for a limited number of worlds. Nothing stands in the way of the assumption of an infinite number of worlds. II 123 Many worlds/Giordano Bruno(3): It is a general, empty, immeasurable space in which countless globes float like this one. Space is infinite because there is no reason or possibility to limit it. Many worlds/Huygens(4): (1629 - 1695): "Principle of Plenitudo" as justification. Nature harbors unlimited potential, one would restrict its creative power too much if one only assumed one world. Many worlds/tradition/Kanitscheider: In traditional theses, very different ideas are assumed, some of these worlds are presented as alien planets, but always with a causal connection among these "worlds". Many worlds/modern cosmology/Kanitscheider: causal decoupling is assumed here. Among other things, because of infinite distances. >Causality. Many worlds/laws of nature/George Gamov(5): One could assume that the fundamental laws of relativity, quantum mechanics and thermodynamics apply to all worlds, but the natural constants have different values. >Natural constants. II 124 Some of these worlds are perfectly imaginable, while others, which are logically possible simply because they contain no internal contradictions, elude our imagination. Many worlds/Kanitscheider: Which processes take place in worlds with any but constant legal structure can hardly be determined. But you can override individual laws in a thought experiment. Eg second law suspended: anti-entropic worlds already have such bizarre properties that we probably cannot understand them properly. Empiricism/observation/Kanitscheider: Even in very close areas there are zones that are inaccessible to measuring devices for physical reasons. E.g. the interior of the sun. We will never observe it directly. >Quantum mechanics, >Measuring. II 125 Many worlds/Kanitscheider: If there was a proof from the principles of physics that quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity are the only ones that make our world possible, the matter would have been superfluous. But there is no such proof whatsoever. Simplicity/Theory/Kanitscheider: Whether the one-world hypothesis is the simplest depends on the respective theoretical situation. For example, in chaotic inflation, where quantum fluctuations in high-dimensional superspace represent the natural state of reality, a single world would be a difficult assumption. Many Worlds Interpretation/EWG/Everett(6)(9)/Wheeler/Graham: here the wave function contains all possibilities of states in superposition. Quantum cosmology/Kanitscheider: The traditional separation of measuring device, observer and object cannot be maintained here, since there is no outside. >Quantum mechanics. Everett/Wheeler/Graham/EWG: This thesis now proposes that the state vector (the geometric counterpart of the wave function in Hilbert space) never collapses. Instead, splitting up into parallel worlds. >Wave function. II 126 Simplicity/Theory/Kanitscheider: In view of the many-worlds interpretation, one can ask which quantum mechanics of measurement should be considered simpler: 1. The one that works with an acausal, discontinuous, untimely, indeterministic collapse process, or 2. The one that is based on a more comprehensive reality, but also on a deterministic, causal, continuous, dynamically describable measurement process. >Simplicity. Elementary particle physics/today/Kanitscheider: Everything that is not forbidden actually occurs. So decays that do not violate the conservation laws. >Conservation laws. Many Worlds/Sciama(7): The theory means no violation of Occam's razor if one interprets this as the lowest number of restrictions that are compatible with the observational material. Cf. >Conservativity. II 127 Einzigigkeit/Leibniz(8): Metaphysical justification: there must be a sufficient reason for the choice of God. >Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Cf. >Possible Worlds. 1. Brandon Carter (1974). Large Number Coincidence amd the Anthropic Principle in Cosmology. In: M.S. Longair (Ed): Cosmological Theories in Confrontation with Cosmological Data. In: International Astronomical Union Symposium Nr. 63. Dordrecht. pp.291-298. 2. Diogenes Laertius: LEben und Meinungen berühmter Philosophen. Buch X, 45, 2. Aufl. Hamburg: Meiner. 1967. S. 243f. 3. Giordano Bruno: De L'infinito universo et mondi. Zitiert nach: A. Koyré: Von der geschlossenen Welt zum unendlichen Universum. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. 1969. 4. Ch. Huyghens;: The Celestial Worlds discovered: or, Conjectures concerning the inhabitants, planets and productions of the worlds in the planets. London 1698. 5. George Gamov: Mr. Tompkins seltsame Reisen durch Kosmos und Mikrokosmos. Braunschweig: Vieweg 1980. 6. B. S. DeWitt: The Everett-Wheeler-Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. In: C. DeWitt/J.A. Wheeler (eds.): Bettelle Rencontres, 1967, Lectures in Mathematics and Physics. New York: W.A. Benjamin 1968, S. 318-332 7. D.W. Sciama: The Anthropic Principle and the non-uniqueness of the Universe. In: F. Bertola/U. CUri (eds.): The Anthropic Principle. Cambridge: UP 1993, pp. 107-110. 8. G.W. Leibniz: Monadologie. Hamburg: Meiner 1976 § 53. 9. Hugh Everett (1957). “Relative State” Formulation of Quantum Mechanics. In: Reviews of modern physics. Vol. 29, 1957, S. 454–462 |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Models | Kanitscheider | I 184 Model/Theory/Cosmology/Kanitscheider: The semantic carrier of the idealizations is the so-called model object. No physical theory refers directly to the unconceptual reality! The model of relativistic cosmology is that of the ideal perfect fluid. In large-scale view the galaxies are treated as a gas of not interacting particles. Then one even looks away from the particle structure of the gas to come to a perfect idealized liquid. This representation matter is characterized only by the four-velocity uα, the density of the mass-energy ρ and the pressure p more. ((s) >four-vector/Feynman). The velocity uα refers to an observer which is at rest relative to the material substrate, thus for which the neighboring galaxies have no motion. The density is also determined by this system. The kinetic pressure of the galaxies p makes itself felt when the density of kinetic energy reaches the order of magnitude of the rest mass density of the galaxies, which alone dominates in the universe today. In density and pressure all forms of radiation are included. In the present balance, however, neither matter nor radiation pressure weighs heavily. In the early days of the universe, however, radiation probably played a dominant role. The selection of the three parameters is by no means logically necessary! It is the question whether one decides to allow less highly symmetrical models for the description. For our extreme simplification we get the I 185 energy stress tensor: (5) Tαβ = (ρ + p)uαuβ + pgαβ u: velocity ρ: density p: kinetic pressure g: metrics From the ontological point of view it is remarkable that in the expression for the matter (right side) neither the metric gαβ appears. This can be seen as an indication against Mach's principle that the Tαβ cannot be formulated without the gαβ. But this speaks for the fact that one cannot strictly separate geometry and matter in Einstein's theory! The ontological duplicity is only seductively suggested by the causal way of speaking, according to which the matter distribution produces the space structure. Matter/Cosmos/Einstein/Kanitscheider: in the simplified model one obtains the static distribution, where of the 10 components only T00 = γ remains, and this density is also independent of time. >Model theory. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Olbers’ Paradox | Kanitscheider | I 135 Olbers' paradox/Kanitscheider: if we denote the density of galaxies by ρ, then there are exactly ρ dV sources in the volume section dV. If the sources in dV in the unit distance emit radiation of intensity I0ρdV, then for the observer this is divided by the square of the distance. For the total intensity of the surrounding space, one forms the integral, which is then taken to be a thin spherical shell 4π²dr. When the integral is evaluated, the result is different from the empirical. A possible curvature of space does not offer a solution, since one would have to assume then that the light rays orbit the universe many times. I 139 Likewise, the speed of light is not a solution: if one assumes that the light of all stars has not yet reached us, such a time scale would be very long. For a mean matter density of r = 10-30 g/cm³ it would take 1023 years, which is more than the mean lifetime of stars. Then one would have to assume unrealistic new formation of stars. Even more seriously, the assumption of a sudden onset of radiation is strongly ad hoc. Solution/Kanitscheider: the Olbers paradox is explained today by the red shift. For this, an expansion of at least R ~ t1/3 is assumed for a universe constantly filled with stars. Redshift/today/Kanitscheider: is no longer explained by motion of galaxies against each other, but with pure expansion of space. N.b.: The space can expand with superluminal velocity, because it is not to be equated with the matter! Olbers paradox/thermodynamics/Kanitscheider: Problem: the stars need a certain time to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium with the cold space around them. The duration for this is given with 1023 years, but this exceeds the age of the universe! (Hubble time: 1010 years.) Therefore it can be that the expansion is not the solution of the Olbers paradox! Simplest solution: possibly the finite burning time of the stars! Olbers paradox/Kanitscheider: The philosophically significant thing about it is the concrete hint to a strong inner connection of the universe. From this follows the inevitability of cosmology for the understanding of local phenomena. >Gravitation/Kanitscheider. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Principles | Guth | I 74 Def Cosmological Principle: thesis that the universe is homogeneous (the same mass density everywhere ) and is isotropic (it looks the same from all directions). >Cosmological principle, >Cosmology, cf. >B. Kanitscheider. |
Guth I Alan Guth Die Geburt des Kosmos aus dem Nichts München 1997 |
| Science | Feyerabend | I 188 Science/Irrationality/Feyerabend: the "irrational" approach is necessary because of the "uneven development" (Marx, Lenin) of the different parts of science. Copernicanism and other essential elements of modern science only remain alive, because in their history reason has often been overuled! I 290 Science/Feyerabend: the theoretical authority of science is much lower than one assumes, but its social authority has grown enormously. Research/Einstein: recommended to separate research and profession. I 326 Theory of Science/Feyerabend: these reflections on archaic art can be combined with science theory: 1) E.g. perspective: we might assume that it was so obvious that it could not have been missing at the time. I 327 Solution: Shortcuts are not an obvious feature of our world of perception, as long as attention is not particularly directed to them. And why should the world of perception of the Greeks be the same as ours? 2) Method: by which method were the special features of the archaic cosmology worked out? With that of the anthropologist who tried to identify the "key ideals". I 329 3) Concept: the researcher must never attempt to make a concept clearer than the material suggests (except as a temporary tool for further investigation). I 330 4) Incommensurability: the meaning of sentences is only understood incompletely. Hempel: only wants to recognize incommensurability after the concept of meaning used therein is explained. I 331 5) Logic: logicians will raise objections: the investigation of the meaning of sentences and the relations between concepts is the task of logic and not of anthropology. Logic/Feyerabend: Logic can be two things: A) the study of the structures of a particular subject (anthropology) or B) a specific logical system. Anthropology/Feyerabend: In order to recognize whether "AB v AB' equi A" is part of the quantum theory, we will have to study the quantum theory, and not logic! It is necessary to study historical records, textbooks, original papers, minutes of meetings, and so on. Admittedly, these records alone do not provide a clear solution. But also historical evidence does not provide a clear solution to historical problems! And no one thinks they should be disregarded because of that. >Quantum theory, >Logic, >Method. I 339 Science/Feyerabend: does not refer to facts and laws, but to methods and activities of the scientist! Its investigation is an anthropological one. --- II 63 Science/Einstein/Feyerabend: Einstein repeatedly emphasizes the opportunistic nature of scientific research. II 174 Science/FeyerabendVsKuhn: the delineations of traditions and subjects, on which Kuhn and Polanyi base their thesis of the untouchability of science, are transient stages of the historical process. Science today is a business that unintentionally reinforces the totalitarian tendencies of society. Thus, the objection of Kuhn is settled. >Progress, >Theories. |
Feyerabend I Paul Feyerabend Against Method. Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, London/New York 1971 German Edition: Wider den Methodenzwang Frankfurt 1997 Feyerabend II P. Feyerabend Science in a Free Society, London/New York 1982 German Edition: Erkenntnis für freie Menschen Frankfurt 1979 |
| Substratum | Kanitscheider | I 193 Substrate/Cosmology/Kanitscheider: The points of the substrate do not move through the space, but are carried by its expansion movement. Relative to the comobile reference frame all cosmic reference points are at rest. >Space-time/Kanitscheider, >Relativity theory. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Superhuman | Nietzsche | Ries II 60/61 Superhuman/Nietzsche: turns the night of the darkness of God into the sun. The doctrine of the superhuman is the prerequisite for the doctrine of eternal return, because only the human who has overcome himself can want the eternal return of all who exist! The superman is the great justification of existence. Karl Löwith: Overcoming Nihilism. >Eternal return/Nietzsche, >Nihilism/Nietzsche. --- Danto III 238 Superhuman/Nietzsche/Danto: The historical Zoroaster regarded the world as the scene of a violent conflict between the cosmic powers of good and evil. Because Nietzsche was 'beyond good and evil', he did not believe in this cosmology of Zend-Awesta. But since Nietzsche's Zarathustra was the first to mistakenly understand moral values as objective characteristics of the world, he should also be the first to correct the error and speak out in favour of the new philosophy.(1) >Terminology/Nietzsche. Consequently, Nietzsche chose him as his 'son' and as the literary persona through which his philosophy should be articulated. Zarathustra proclaimed the relativity of all values and morals, claiming that so far each people has given themselves their own tabular chart of goods according to their own living conditions. Zarathustra: "I teach you the superhuman! The superhuman is the sense of the earth."(2) Danto III 239 With the exception of the Zarathustra, the idea of superhumans is rarely found in Nietzsche. Not even in the Zarathustra is a more detailed description offered. Superhuman: is opposed to what Nietzsche calls the 'last human', who should and wants to be as much as possible like everyone else, and if he is happy, then only for the sake of being happy: We have invented happiness, say the last people and blink.(3) Zarathustra: opposes the notion of the alleged immutability of human nature. The human is something that must be overcome. Danto III 240 Danto: Nietzsche's sister, ((s) Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche) assured Hitler that he was what her brother had in mind as a superhuman. Danto III 241 Superhuman/Nietzsche: it is pointless to look for examples in the past. >History/Nietzsche. Danto III 242 Danto: his hints say nothing else but that we should control our affective as well as our intellectual life and not deny one thing for the sake of the other, and that we should not be petty and 'merely' human. It is not without irony that Nietzsche proves least originality where he was most influential. Superhuman/Nietzsche/Danto: is not the blonde giant who dominates his inferior companions. He is merely a joyful, innocent and unbound human being who has his instinctive, not overwhelming instincts in his power. In addition, from Nietzsche can seldomly be heard concrete words. When he writes in Ecce homo, he would rather be found in Cesare Borgia than in Parsifal(4), then he does not say that Cesare Borgia was a superhuman. There is also something of Nietzsche's critique of Wagner (NietzscheVsWagner). >Music/Nietzsche, >Art/Nietzsche. Danto III 243 Superhuman/Darwinismus/Nietzsche/Danto: Nietzsche seems to have believed that the ideal of superhumanity is not achieved or realized by itself, through the natural course of events. In this respect, his doctrine is anything but Darwinian. 1. F. Nietzsche Ecce homo, KGW VI. 3, p. 236. 2. F. Nietzsche Zarathustra, I, KGW VI, 1, p. 8. 3. Ibid. p. 13. 4. F. Nietzsche Ecce homo, KGW VI. 3, p. 298. |
Nie I Friedrich Nietzsche Sämtliche Werke: Kritische Studienausgabe Berlin 2009 Nie V F. Nietzsche Beyond Good and Evil 2014 Ries II Wiebrecht Ries Nietzsche zur Einführung Hamburg 1990 Danto I A. C. Danto Connections to the World - The Basic Concepts of Philosophy, New York 1989 German Edition: Wege zur Welt München 1999 Danto III Arthur C. Danto Nietzsche as Philosopher: An Original Study, New York 1965 German Edition: Nietzsche als Philosoph München 1998 Danto VII A. C. Danto The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art (Columbia Classics in Philosophy) New York 2005 |
| Theories | Kanitscheider | I 232 Theory/cosmology/Kanitscheider: There is no prior knowledge that decides between theories, e.g. about an open or closed universe. >Universe/Kanitscheider, cf. >Redshift/Kanitscheider. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Time | Barrow | I 362 Time/absolute/gravitation/Special Relativity Theory/Barrow: if gravitation is ignored, there is no absolute time scale. >Special Relativity. This is true only in the special relativity. - In the General Theory of Relativity and thus in cosmology there is absolute time. - If the Big Bang rolled backwards the atoms of the clock would be crushed. >Absolutenesss, >Time reversal. |
B I John D. Barrow Warum die Welt mathematisch ist Frankfurt/M. 1996 B II John D. Barrow The World Within the World, Oxford/New York 1988 German Edition: Die Natur der Natur: Wissen an den Grenzen von Raum und Zeit Heidelberg 1993 B III John D. Barrow Impossibility. The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits, Oxford/New York 1998 German Edition: Die Entdeckung des Unmöglichen. Forschung an den Grenzen des Wissens Heidelberg 2001 |
| Universe | Kanitscheider | I 182 Electromagnetism/gravity/cosmology/Kanitscheider: It is assumed that the galaxies and the universe as a whole are electrically neutral. There is no negative particle of gravity. Therefore she is always attractive. This does not necessarily follow from the field equations themselves, but is forced by the addition of energy conditions for the known matter fields. Gravitation/Cosmology/Kanitscheider: In contrast to electromagnetism, gravitation cannot be shielded. Therefore, it is the only interaction used to explain the universe. >Gravitation/Kanitscheider, >Theory of Relativity, >Cosmological principle/Kanitscheider. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
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| Disputed term/author/ism | Author Vs Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dirac, P. | Kanitscheider Vs Dirac, P. | II 115 Science/KanitscheiderVsDirac: ...that is daring. If a suspicion is expressed by a great personality, it can set completely new research programs in motion. II 115/116 Chance/coincidence/nature constants/Dirac/Kanitscheider: if one follows Dirac, this has dramatic consequences: since the age of the universe contains to, if one applies the hypothesis, also in N2 a constant must become time-dependent! Since for quantum mechanical reasons neither e nor the masses of nucleon and electron can be considered for this, only the gravitational constant G remains to take over the time dependence. G ~ t 1. This variability of the strength of gravity of all bodies means a new, non-Einstein theory of gravity with radical consequences. 1. time dependence as explanation of the value of the large numbers: they are so large because the universe is so old. 2. the time dependence transfers itself to all powers of 10 exp 40: if t e.g. the number of baryons in the observable universe, thus the total amount of matter at (10hoch 40)² then it follows that it increases with t ². Dirac's theory of gravity thus claims a violation of the law of conservation of energy. A review was ruled out because of the small size of the effects. Gravitational Theory/TellerVsDirac: (1948) when G ~ t exp 1: because of the then higher luminosity of the sun and the smaller radius of the earth's orbit (in the past) the oceans in the Precambrian would have cooked. But from this time we already have traces of life. Gravitational Theory/DickeVsDirac: (1961) Robert Dicke: Dirac himself had understood the relation N1/N2 as a permanent relation. Dicke Thesis: we should concentrate on the fact that these two numbers are the same today. If we assume that they are the same only today, then N1 was small in early times, because this number contains cosmic time. But at that time the universe was hot, highly symmetric and very simple. II 117 Only in this present, middle epoch observers can warm themselves at these energy sources and determine that N1 = N2. Thesis: "Biological selection of constants". VsDicke: some authors: Dicke confuses selection with causal explanation. He thinks that the universe is like this because we are there. (> Anthropic principle). Instead, the other way round: we can perceive the universe because we are there. When it was hotter, we were not there. Anthropic Principle/KanitscheiderVsThickness: the heavy elements C,H,O,N are used for the self-organization of organisms. Shorter-lived universes, which collapsed again before they could synthesize the CHON elements, cannot be observed in principle. Dicke's argument therefore follows only that the cosmic parameters must have that correct tuning so that the universe can provide the conditions for the emergence of life. There can therefore be no talk of a special anthropic cosmology. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Kant | Kanitscheider Vs Kant | I 438 Kant: "Cosmological age" is a meaningless term. (>antinomies). I 439 Antinomies/space/time/cosmology/Kant: asymmetry between past and future: in the past, it is not possible to go through an infinite series of points in time. There must have been a time before the assumption of the beginning of the world. In such an "empty time", however, nothing can arise, since there are no distinguishing features that would prefer existence to non-existence. I 440 Cosmology/Antinomies/KanitscheiderVsKant: too quickly adopts the absolutist point of view and does not consider the relational one, according to which spacetime itself could have arisen with the first event. Sets: actual infinite. Follows/Kanitscheider: potentially infinite. |
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| Rationalism | Kant Vs Rationalism | Danto I 193 Rationalism: starting from our concepts attempts to initially imagine the existence and nature of the real world. By applying pure, irrefutable reasoning, he tries to determine how the world should be. KantVsRationalism: shows the mistake: Existence is not a property, therefore no essential feature. Fundamental error: to treat the predicate "exists" as if it was something like "blue" or "round". Kant I 39 KantVsConventional philosophy: Areas of expertise: "rational psychology," "rational cosmology" and "rational theology". Kant: "sophistical conclusions": deceptive because something given is subsumed under mere idea to give them objective reality. But all that is there is conditional: 1. an imaginative I 2. the indefinite world of experience 3. the fact that everything is in necessary order. Chisholm II 76 analytical judgment/Kant: a judgment in which the "mind is concerned only with what is already thought of in concepts" (CPR, B 314) Sauer: So in his truth, independent of the existence. KantVsRationalism: illusion: to foist a transcendental possibility of things from the logical possibility of the concept. |
I. Kant I Günter Schulte Kant Einführung (Campus) Frankfurt 1994 Externe Quellen. ZEIT-Artikel 11/02 (Ludger Heidbrink über Rawls) Volker Gerhard "Die Frucht der Freiheit" Plädoyer für die Stammzellforschung ZEIT 27.11.03 Danto I A. C. Danto Connections to the World - The Basic Concepts of Philosophy, New York 1989 German Edition: Wege zur Welt München 1999 Danto III Arthur C. Danto Nietzsche as Philosopher: An Original Study, New York 1965 German Edition: Nietzsche als Philosoph München 1998 Danto VII A. C. Danto The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art (Columbia Classics in Philosophy) New York 2005 Chisholm I R. Chisholm The First Person. Theory of Reference and Intentionality, Minneapolis 1981 German Edition: Die erste Person Frankfurt 1992 Chisholm II Roderick Chisholm In Philosophische Aufsäze zu Ehren von Roderick M. Ch, Marian David/Leopold Stubenberg Amsterdam 1986 Chisholm III Roderick M. Chisholm Theory of knowledge, Englewood Cliffs 1989 German Edition: Erkenntnistheorie Graz 2004 |
| Steady State Theory | Verschiedene Vs Steady State Theory | Kanitscheider I 359 Steady State Theory/SST/Bondi/Kanitscheider: Thesis: Priority of cosmology over local physics. Bondi's Thesis: the unclear complexity of the phenomenon world is only one property of the mesocosm. I 360 VsSST: incompatible with our empiricism: a static universe has long been in thermodynamic equilibrium. All development would already have reached its final state. It would no longer be possible to determine the direction of the time flow. Of the two types of motion allowed by Perfect Cosmological Principle, expansion and contraction, contraction is already eliminated because the necessary excess of radiation in relation to matter is lacking. For expansion, however, the steady state theory now needs the assumption of constant additional generation of matter. But this overrides the important principle of hydrodynamic continuity! I 361 However, at the current values for density and recession constant (distance movement of galaxies from each other), the origin of matter would only be one H atom per litre every 5x10 exp 11 years. Conservation of Matter/BondiVsVs: he even believes he can save the conservation of matter. He says that in a certain, observable area, seen globally, the observable amount of matter does not change, i.e. that in a constant eigenvolume matter is preserved, in contrast to the relativistic models, where the conservation applies rather to the coordinate volume. The Def Eigenvolume is the part of space that is fixed by a fixed distance from the observer, while the Def coordinate volume is given by the constancy of the com mobile coordinates. I 362 Steady State Theory/SST: here there is always the same amount of matter within the range of a certain telescope, while here the relativity theory assumes a dilution, i.e. the matter remains the same in the expanding volume. At the SST, the new formation ensures that the total amount of all observable matter remains the same. Observer/SST: when investigating motion, each observer can perceive a preferred direction of motion apart from local deviations, whereby he determines the constant relationship between velocity and distance completely symmetrically within a small range. In relativistic cosmology this was the starting point for the Weyl principle. Def Weyl-Principle: Postulate: the particles of a substrate (galaxies) lie in spacetime on a bundle of geodesists that start from a point in the past (Big Bang) and never intersect except at this point. From this follows the existence of a family of hyperplanes (t = const) orthogonal to these geodesists and the only parameters possessing cosmic time. I 362/363 Bondi/SST/Steady State Theory: doubts now that in view of the scattering of the fog movement these hyperplanes exist secured. Because of its stationary character, SST does not need Weyl's postulate and can define homogeneity without cosmic time. Thermodynamic imbalance/universe/SST: Explanation: a photon emanating from a star has a very long free path and reaches areas with strongly changed local motion. This shifts its frequency to red. However, the thermal energy it gives off on its way to the surrounding matter is only a very small part of that lost by its original star. Thus the universe represents a kind of cosmic sink for radiant energy. According to the Perfect Cosmological Principle, sources must exist that make up for the loss. Perfect Cosmological Principle: is logically compatible with three types of universes: 1. Static, without new creation of matter, 2. Expanding, with new development I 364 3. Collapsing, with destruction of matter SST/Bondi: believes in the strict relationship between distance and speed R'(t)/R(t) = 1/T. This results in R as an exponential function and the metric of the SST takes the form of the line element of de Sitter. (see above). Already the self-similarity of the scale function shows the basic metric properties of this model. It is not possible for us to recognize at which point of the curve R = et/T we are. The universe has no beginning and no end. I 365 Age/Universe/SST: Advantage over relativistic theories where the inverse Hubble constant led to a too low age. Metric/SST: while the de Sitter metric is unusable in Einstein's representation because it can only be reconciled with vanishing matter, this problem does not occur in the SST: here there is no necessary connection between physical geometry and matter content of space! According to the de Sitter structure, the world has an event horizon, i.e. every clock on a distant galaxy follows in such a way that there is a point in its history after which the emitted light can no longer reach a distant observer. If, however, a particle has formed within the range that can in principle be reached with ideal instruments, then it can never disappear from its field of view. I 367 Perfect Cosmological Principle: Problem: lies in the statistical character, which applies strictly on a cosmic scale, but not locally, whereby the local environment only ends beyond the galaxy clusters. Steady State Theory/SST/Hoyle: starts from the classical field equations, but changes them so strongly that all Bondi and Gold results that they have drawn from the Perfect Cosmological Principle remain valid. Hoyle/SST: Thesis: In nature a class of preferred directions can obviously be observed in the large-scale movements, which makes a covariant treatment impossible! Only a preferred class of observers sees the universe in the same way. I 368 Weyl Principle/Postulate: defines a unique relationship of each event P to the origin O. It cannot be a strict law of nature, since it is constantly violated in the local area by its own movements! Hoyle: (formula, tensors, + I 368). Through multiple differentiation symmetric tensor field, energy conservation does not apply, matter must constantly arise anew. Matter emergence/SST/Hoyle: there is an interpretation of matter origin caused by negative pressure in the universe. It should then be interpreted as work that this pressure does during expansion! VsSST: the synchronisation of expansion and origin is just as incomprehensible from theory as the fact that it is always matter and not antimatter that arises. (...+ formula, other choice of the coupling constant I 371/72). I 373 Negative Energy: it has been shown to cause the formation rate of particle pairs to "run away": infinite number in finite region. VsSST/Empiricism: many data spoke against the SST: excess of distant and thus early radio sources, redshift of the quasars indicating a slowdown of expansion, background radiation. |
Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| Various Authors | Mackie Vs Various Authors | Stegmüller IV 399 "Kalam" argument: (common among Islamic scholars): operates with paradoxes of infinity to show that there can be no actual infinity. (> Al Ghassali). Infinity/MackieVsKalam argument: the possibility of an unlimited past cannot be ruled out on purely logical grounds! MackieVsKant: this prejudice can also be found in the thesis about the first antinomy. IV 400 Kalam argument/Al Ghassali: nothing that comes into existence in time, arises out of itself. ("Rational necessity"). Therefore, a creator is required. MackieVsAl Ghassali: 1. do we really know that from necessity of reason? 2. There is no reason why on one hand an uncaused thing should be impossible, but on the other hand the existence of a God with the power to create out of nothing, should be acceptable! God/Mackie/Islam: this concept of God raises difficult problems: 1. Has God simply emerged with the time? 2. Has he always existed in infinite time? Then the formerly rejected actual infinity would be reintroduced! 3. Does God have a non-temporal existence: that would be an incomprehensible mystery again. Mackie: additionally, one also has to assume: a) that God's existence and creative power explain themselves and b) that the unexplained existence of a material world would be incomprehensible and therefore unacceptable. IV 401 Existence/MackieVsLeibniz: there is no reason a priori to indicate that things do not just occur without causation! Cosmology/proof of the existence of God/existence/Mackie: problem: either the notion of "causa sui" makes sense or not. a) it does not make sense: then the cosmological assumption that a divine cause must be assumed for the beginning of material existence collapses. b) it makes sense: then it can even be awarded as a property to matter itself! Stegmüller IV 447 Def. God/Feuerbach: "God is the sense of self of human kind freed from all loathsomeness." Religion/Feuerbach: utopia of a better religion: God's freedom from all limitations of individuals that was imputed by traditional religions now recovered in humanity as a whole. MackieVsFeuerbach: humanity as a whole is undoubtedly not free from all limitations of individuals, it is not omnipotent, not omniscient, not all good. (vide supra: entirety as a wrong subject, cannot even act. IV 472 Theodicy/faith/Stegmüller: Argument: God has made the earth a vale of tears, so that people would develop a religious need. MackieVs: only a very human deity could want people so submissive. Theodicy/Gruner: insinuates to skeptics the demand for a world that is liberated from all evils. He rejects this demand as inconsistent. MackieVsGruner: shifts the burden of proof. The skeptic demands nothing at all. IV 271 Ethics/Education/Rousseau: Parents and teachers should refrain from any prerational teaching of children. MackieVsRousseau: understandable but unrealistic. Stegmüller IV 502 Religion/Faith/Wittgenstein: Ex. if one makes a choice, the image of retaliation always appears in their mind. Meaning/Mackie/Stegmüller: one possibility: the believer wants his pronouncements to be understood literally. S_he stands by a statement of fact. But notwithstanding, such pronouncements outwardly serve to support their sense of responsibility and to justify it. Then, according to Wittgenstein, their faith would be superstition! When asked for proof, they do not hold his pronouncements capable of truth. But then they change their position again and literally believe what they must believe. Other possibility: faith has a literal meaning, but comparable with the plot of a novel, fiction. One can accept that the corresponding values have a meaning for life. IV 503 Therefore we could accept that there is a God only in our practical moral reasoning. T. Z. Phillips: if the questions about God and immortality are undestood literally, as factual questions, then the skeptical response given by Hume is correct. Thesis: one can and must interpret religious convictions and statements in a way that the criticism of Hume is irrelevant! It is true that logical and teleological proof of the existence of God cannot be upheld. The reality of God must not be interpreted as the reality of an object, "God" isn't the name of a single being, it refers to nothing. IV 504 According to Phillips metaphysicians misunderstand the everyday meanings of words. MackieVs: one doesn't dissolve the real problems of skepticism by pointing to normal parlance. Just as ordinary language philosophers couldn't prevail VsHume. Faith/Religion/Phillips: magical and religious language should be interpreted in the sense of performative actions. Mackie pro, but: it is wrong to say that an expressive language could not at the same time be descriptive in a literal sense. IV 504/505 Actions of faith are both: ways to address happiness and misery in the world as well as to explain them. Religion/faith/R. B. Braithwaite: thesis: the core of the Christian faith is the determination to live by the principles of morality. The "Christian stories" are accompanied by that, although the Christian is not required to believe them literally! They are religious attitudes! PhillipsVsBraithwaite: the grammar of "believing" and "being true" in religious convictions is not the same as in empirical statements. MackieVs: thereby we lose any firm ground under your feet! Braithwaite rightly used the usual notions of truth and falsehood! IV 506 MackieVsPhillips: there is no alternative to that which is discarded by Phillips, namely to continue in superstitions or to reduce religion such as that the "basic characteristics of faith are lost". MackieVsBraithwaite: certainly, numerous religious statements can be interpreted as moral attitudes, but this does not apply to the central statements of theism. Faith/Mackie: needs an object of reference! |
Macki I J. L. Mackie Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong 1977 Carnap V W. Stegmüller Rudolf Carnap und der Wiener Kreis In Hauptströmungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie Bd I, München 1987 St I W. Stegmüller Hauptströmungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie Bd I Stuttgart 1989 St II W. Stegmüller Hauptströmungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie Bd 2 Stuttgart 1987 St III W. Stegmüller Hauptströmungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie Bd 3 Stuttgart 1987 St IV W. Stegmüller Hauptströmungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie Bd 4 Stuttgart 1989 |
| Whorf, B. | Feyerabend Vs Whorf, B. | I 311 Style/Feyerabend: one must not overlook the fact that a style provides an accurate representation of the world as the artist and his contemporaries see it. Perhaps people really felt like puppets at that time. That would indeed be a realistic interpretation. It would correspond to the Whorfian thesis that languages are not only a means of describing events, but also shape the events. VsWhorf: however it seems as though technical resources were quite present in order to create "more realistic" art. They seemed to have deliberately refrained from it! If so, then influence of style (or language) on cosmology and types of perception require additional arguments. It is not self-evident. These additional arguments (which can never be mandatory) point to similar circumstances elsewhere. |
Feyerabend I Paul Feyerabend Against Method. Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, London/New York 1971 German Edition: Wider den Methodenzwang Frankfurt 1997 Feyerabend II P. Feyerabend Science in a Free Society, London/New York 1982 German Edition: Erkenntnis für freie Menschen Frankfurt 1979 |
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The author or concept searched is found in the following theses of an allied field of specialization.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
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| Cosmology | Tipler, F.J. | Kanitscheider II 178 Tipler/Kanitscheider: spektakulärster metaphysischer Ansatz: These seine Physik der Unsterblichkeit stellt im Wesen eine Computer-Version von Teilhards eschatologischen Ansatz dar. Vorläufer: Martin Rees, 1969. Tipler: macht keinen Gebrauch von vitalistischen oder spiritualistischen Agentien (VsTeilhard). Er will zeigen, daß die physikalische Entwicklung mit Notwendigkeit zu einem Zustand in der Zukunft führt, den man rechtens mit "Gott" bezeichnen kann. |
Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
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