Dictionary of Arguments


Philosophical and Scientific Issues in Dispute
 
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The author or concept searched is found in the following 9 entries.
Disputed term/author/ism Author
Entry
Reference
Animism Monod I 40
Definition Animism/Monod: Animism is the assumption of a universal teleonomic principle according to which evolution should end in mankind.
I 41
The human projects the consciousness, which he/she has from the strongly teleonomic mode of action of the central nervous system (CNS), to the inanimate nature. Cf. >Anthropic principle, >Teleonomy.

Mon I
J. Monod
Le hasard et la nécessité, Paris 1970
German Edition:
Zufall und Notwendigkeit Hamburg 1982

Evolution Putnam III 34
Evolution/Putnam: evolution does not require that each ability is the result of selection. ---
V 61
Evolution/language: today, a theory is modern according to which evolution itself has produced a correspondence between our words and spiritual representation and the external things. It is said that we would not have survived without such correspondence. >Language evolution, >Word meaning/Deacon
V 62
Putnam: but we must ask what do "correspondence" and "reference" have to do with survival? What has truth anything to do with survival? >Correspondence.
---
III 42
Teleology/evolution/Ernst Mayr: Ernst Mayer suggests to speak in evolution theory not of teleology, but of teleology simulation, or "teleonomy". To escape the lion is only the function of the genetic trait in question, as this trait would not have been selected if the high speed had not given the gazelles the opportunity to escape the lion. >Teleology.
III 49
Intentionality/evolution/Putnam: evolution will not give us more intentionality than we put into it. >Intentionality.

Putnam I
Hilary Putnam
Von einem Realistischen Standpunkt
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Frankfurt 1993

Putnam I (a)
Hilary Putnam
Explanation and Reference, In: Glenn Pearce & Patrick Maynard (eds.), Conceptual Change. D. Reidel. pp. 196--214 (1973)
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (b)
Hilary Putnam
Language and Reality, in: Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 272-90 (1995
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (c)
Hilary Putnam
What is Realism? in: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 76 (1975):pp. 177 - 194.
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (d)
Hilary Putnam
Models and Reality, Journal of Symbolic Logic 45 (3), 1980:pp. 464-482.
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (e)
Hilary Putnam
Reference and Truth
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (f)
Hilary Putnam
How to Be an Internal Realist and a Transcendental Idealist (at the Same Time) in: R. Haller/W. Grassl (eds): Sprache, Logik und Philosophie, Akten des 4. Internationalen Wittgenstein-Symposiums, 1979
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (g)
Hilary Putnam
Why there isn’t a ready-made world, Synthese 51 (2):205--228 (1982)
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (h)
Hilary Putnam
Pourqui les Philosophes? in: A: Jacob (ed.) L’Encyclopédie PHilosophieque Universelle, Paris 1986
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (i)
Hilary Putnam
Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (k)
Hilary Putnam
"Irrealism and Deconstruction", 6. Giford Lecture, St. Andrews 1990, in: H. Putnam, Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992, pp. 108-133
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam II
Hilary Putnam
Representation and Reality, Cambridge/MA 1988
German Edition:
Repräsentation und Realität Frankfurt 1999

Putnam III
Hilary Putnam
Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992
German Edition:
Für eine Erneuerung der Philosophie Stuttgart 1997

Putnam IV
Hilary Putnam
"Minds and Machines", in: Sidney Hook (ed.) Dimensions of Mind, New York 1960, pp. 138-164
In
Künstliche Intelligenz, Walther Ch. Zimmerli/Stefan Wolf Stuttgart 1994

Putnam V
Hilary Putnam
Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge/MA 1981
German Edition:
Vernunft, Wahrheit und Geschichte Frankfurt 1990

Putnam VI
Hilary Putnam
"Realism and Reason", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association (1976) pp. 483-98
In
Truth and Meaning, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994

Putnam VII
Hilary Putnam
"A Defense of Internal Realism" in: James Conant (ed.)Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990 pp. 30-43
In
Theories of Truth, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994

SocPut I
Robert D. Putnam
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community New York 2000

Goals Mayr Putnam III 42
Teleology/evolution/Ernst Mayr: "teleonomy" is only simulation of teleology. - The speed of gazelles makes the selection of even greater speed possible in the first. - For the behavior of the lion, both the meat as well as other data play a role, so that you do not need teleology. >Teleology, >Behavior, >Benefit.

Mayr I
Ernst Mayr
This is Biology, Cambridge/MA 1997
German Edition:
Das ist Biologie Heidelberg 1998


Putnam I
Hilary Putnam
Von einem Realistischen Standpunkt
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Frankfurt 1993

Putnam I (a)
Hilary Putnam
Explanation and Reference, In: Glenn Pearce & Patrick Maynard (eds.), Conceptual Change. D. Reidel. pp. 196--214 (1973)
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (b)
Hilary Putnam
Language and Reality, in: Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 272-90 (1995
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (c)
Hilary Putnam
What is Realism? in: Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 76 (1975):pp. 177 - 194.
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (d)
Hilary Putnam
Models and Reality, Journal of Symbolic Logic 45 (3), 1980:pp. 464-482.
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (e)
Hilary Putnam
Reference and Truth
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (f)
Hilary Putnam
How to Be an Internal Realist and a Transcendental Idealist (at the Same Time) in: R. Haller/W. Grassl (eds): Sprache, Logik und Philosophie, Akten des 4. Internationalen Wittgenstein-Symposiums, 1979
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (g)
Hilary Putnam
Why there isn’t a ready-made world, Synthese 51 (2):205--228 (1982)
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (h)
Hilary Putnam
Pourqui les Philosophes? in: A: Jacob (ed.) L’Encyclopédie PHilosophieque Universelle, Paris 1986
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (i)
Hilary Putnam
Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam I (k)
Hilary Putnam
"Irrealism and Deconstruction", 6. Giford Lecture, St. Andrews 1990, in: H. Putnam, Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992, pp. 108-133
In
Von einem realistischen Standpunkt, Vincent C. Müller Reinbek 1993

Putnam II
Hilary Putnam
Representation and Reality, Cambridge/MA 1988
German Edition:
Repräsentation und Realität Frankfurt 1999

Putnam III
Hilary Putnam
Renewing Philosophy (The Gifford Lectures), Cambridge/MA 1992
German Edition:
Für eine Erneuerung der Philosophie Stuttgart 1997

Putnam IV
Hilary Putnam
"Minds and Machines", in: Sidney Hook (ed.) Dimensions of Mind, New York 1960, pp. 138-164
In
Künstliche Intelligenz, Walther Ch. Zimmerli/Stefan Wolf Stuttgart 1994

Putnam V
Hilary Putnam
Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge/MA 1981
German Edition:
Vernunft, Wahrheit und Geschichte Frankfurt 1990

Putnam VI
Hilary Putnam
"Realism and Reason", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association (1976) pp. 483-98
In
Truth and Meaning, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994

Putnam VII
Hilary Putnam
"A Defense of Internal Realism" in: James Conant (ed.)Realism with a Human Face, Cambridge/MA 1990 pp. 30-43
In
Theories of Truth, Paul Horwich Aldershot 1994

SocPut I
Robert D. Putnam
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community New York 2000
Life Monod I 9
Coincidence/necessity/life/individual/Monod/own: the individual owes his life to a chain of conserved coincidences.
Only the mechanism of the macroscopic expression of these "microscopic" coincidences is necessary.
I 27
Life/Monod: Teleonomy (superordinate purpose) is necessary for a definition, but not sufficient. >Teleonomy.
One needed a program that explores not only the present object, but also its origin, history and structure.
Life owes almost nothing to the influence of external forces! Its structure proves a clear self-determination, which includes a quasi "total freedom" opposed to external forces and conditions.
On the basis of this criterion, however, the crystals would have to be classified among the living creatures!
I 31
Life/Monod: up to now there are three criteria: 1. Teleonomy (proteins)
2. Autonomous morphogenesis
3. reproductive invariance. (Nucleic acids)
I 32
But the three do not have the same status: While teleonomy and invariability are actually characteristic "properties" of the living beings, the spontaneous construction must be regarded as a mechanism.
I 98
Life/Monod: 1. All living beings consist without exception of the same two main classes of macromolecules, made up of proteins and nucleic acids. Proteins: are made up of twenty amino acids
Nucleic acids: made up of four types of nucleotides.
2. The same reaction sequences are used in all living beings for the same essential chemical operations. Mobilization and reserve formation of the chemical potential and biosynthesis of the cell components.
Differences: Nitrogen excretion happens in mammals via urea, in birds via uric acid.

Mon I
J. Monod
Le hasard et la nécessité, Paris 1970
German Edition:
Zufall und Notwendigkeit Hamburg 1982

Objectivity Monod I 23
Object/Objectivity/Monod: there are two criteria for artefacts:
1. Regularity
2. Repeatability >Artifacts.
For example, according to these criteria, one could decide that pebbles are natural and quartz crystals (falsely) artificial.
The crystal reflects macroscopically the microscopic molecular structure. Therefore the regularity. (Natural origin).
>Regularities.
Our conclusions are ambiguous: one could find all the criteria of an artificial origin in a hive of wild bees.
I 36
Objectivity/Monod: objectivity of nature: means the cancellation of the submission of a final cause, a "project". >Teleology, >Teleonomy, cf. >Purposes/Aristotle.

Mon I
J. Monod
Le hasard et la nécessité, Paris 1970
German Edition:
Zufall und Notwendigkeit Hamburg 1982

Order Monod I 11
Order/Structure/Organization/Monod: two terms are subordinated to it. 1. Teleonomy (a property dictated by a superordinate purpose) of the "apparatus" organization.
2. Invariance of the information underlying the teleonomic structures.
Proteins: are bearers of teleonomic performance
Nucleic Acids: is an information storage thanks to complementarity as an exclusive interaction.
>Teleonomy.
Reproduction: is almost invariant through organized protein nucleic acid systems. (With a certain blur). Mutation occurs through translation errors.
>Mutation.
I 13
Nucleic acids: divide into DNA: memory and RNA: messenger. Due to the non-reversibility of this division, the teleonomic program, although it is the subject of the mutation, cannot itself contribute to its change. ---
I 14
Selection/own: It is based on a physically clearly formulated evaluation concept. If it were purely arbitrary, it would be "survival of the survivor". Selection, however, means restriction of the coincidence. In large numbers the selection of necessity obeys. ((s) But surely not on a goal!).
Manfred Eigen: selection is done according to strict criteria.
>Selection.
Coincidence/necessity/Manfred Eigen: the necessity occurs equally next to chance, as soon as a probability distribution exists.
>Probability distribution.
I 25
Order/Organization/Criteria/Monod: an even more disappointing criterion would be the function: For example, compare horses on a field with cars on the road. >Functions, >Functional explanation, >Criteria.
E.g. the eye and camera can be compared according to structure and performance.

Mon I
J. Monod
Le hasard et la nécessité, Paris 1970
German Edition:
Zufall und Notwendigkeit Hamburg 1982

Selection Monod I 39
Selection/Monod: selection theory makes teleonomy a secondary property and derives it from the invariance. Monod thesis: the invariance precedes the teleonomy.
>Invariants, >Teleonomy.

Mon I
J. Monod
Le hasard et la nécessité, Paris 1970
German Edition:
Zufall und Notwendigkeit Hamburg 1982

Terminology Monod I 30
Teleonomy/Monod: teleonomy is ambiguous as it includes the idea of a "project". All achievements that contribute to the success are called teleonomic.
I 31
Definition teleonomic information (set)/Monod: all structures and services correspond to a certain amount of information which must be transferred in order for these structures to be realized. >Order/Monod, >Selection/Monod, >Structures/Monod.

Mon I
J. Monod
Le hasard et la nécessité, Paris 1970
German Edition:
Zufall und Notwendigkeit Hamburg 1982

Vitalism Monod I 39
Definition Vitalism/Monod: theories that adopt a teleonomic principle that is to be effective within the "living matter". There is a radical difference between living and non-living matter. >Teleonomy.
I 40
Henri Bergson: Life as an "urge", "stream", but this is not finalistic in Bergson. >Henri Bergson.

Mon I
J. Monod
Le hasard et la nécessité, Paris 1970
German Edition:
Zufall und Notwendigkeit Hamburg 1982



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