Find counter arguments by entering NameVs… or …VsName.
The author or concept searched is found in the following 14 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coincidence | Kauffman | I 9 Science/coincidence/Kauffman: science has reduced us to beings who owe their existence to coincidence. KauffmanVs: this is incomplete. >Life/Kauffman, >Science, >Evolution, >Beginning. I 282 Coincidence/Kauffman: There is an inevitability of historical coincidence. The periodic table is clear, but at the level of chemistry, the space of possible molecules is larger than the number of atoms in the universe. Life is thus the product of a historical coincidence. I 286 Evolution/Life/Self-organisation/Coincidence/Necessity/Kauffman: we are not just pieced up handicrafts, not just molecular ad hoc apparatuses. KauffmanVsGould, KauffmanVsMonod, KauffmanVsJacob, KauffmanVsBricolage. >St. J. Gould, >J. Monod, >F. Jacob, >Bricolage. We are children of necessity. At home in the universe. |
Kau II Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995 Kauffman I St. Kauffman At Home in the Universe, New York 1995 German Edition: Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998 |
| Collective Action | Ostrom | Brocker I 730 Collective Action/Ostrom: Ostrom starts from the individual and the individual benefit calculations in order to make the results of self-organisation explainable. She uses the approach of Oliver Williamson and his New Institutional Economics(1) >Institutions/Williamson. Williamson: Thesis: the behavioral assumptions of limited rationality and the mutual expectation of opportunistic behavior of the individual shape the decision-making situation ((s) context: in the prisoner's dilemma, the theory assumes that rational participants decide against cooperation). Ostrom: In addition, Ostrom also takes into account the importance of context, time horizon and behavioural norms for individual decisions as a group's social capital. N.B.: in combination of these aspects, the assumption of rational behaviour can be maintained and will nevertheless lead to actors not being able to make decisions independently but in a coordinated manner. (2) See Self-organization/Ostrom. Brocker I 737 Core elements of an analysis of collective actions are for Ostrom: institutional analysis, multi-level consideration and rational election actions. >Social Goods/Ostrom, Self-organisation/Ostrom. 1. Oliver E. Williamson, Die ökonomischen Institutionen des Kapitalismus. Unternehmen, Märkte, Kooperationen, Tübingen 1990 2. Vgl. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge 1990. Dt.: Elinor Ostrom, Die Verfassung der Allmende. Jenseits von Staat und Merkt, Tübingen 1999. Markus Hanisch, „Elinor Ostrom Die Verfassung der Allmende“, in: Manfred Brocker (Hg.) Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
EconOstr I Elinor Ostrom Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action Cambridge 1990 Brocker I Manfred Brocker Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
| Evolution | Kauffman | Dennett I 303 Self-organization/Evolution/Kauffman/Dennett: main representative: By means of simulation, we are now able to simulate complex evolutionary scenarios and recognize principles that remained unknown to Darwin. >Simulation. Order/Evolution/Dennett: not every order offers the possibility of evolution or selection: e. g. variations of Conway's "Game of Life". Self-organization/Kauffman: it is not only probable, but almost certain that the evolutionary ability itself undergoes an evolution, it develops because it is a forced move in the design game. >Self-organization. Either you find the path that leads to evolutionary capacity, or you don't get anywhere, but finding that path is not a tour de force, it's obvious. It should be surprisingly simple. Dennett I 306 Self-organization/Kauffman/Dennett: Kauffman's laws are not those of form, but of design, the compulsions of meta technology. >Laws, >Laws of nature. --- Kauffman I 30 Evolution/Kauffman's thesis: if the record of life were to be replayed, then the individual branches in the family tree of life might look different, but the patterns of the branches, which at first diverge greatly and then become more and more detailed, probably follow a deeper regularity. >Levels/order, >Description Levels. Evolution may also be a historical process, but it ran regularly at the same time. The phenomena of species formation and extinction most likely reflect the spontaneous dynamics of a community of species. >Species, >Species/Kauffman, >Species/Mayr. |
Kau II Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995 Kauffman I St. Kauffman At Home in the Universe, New York 1995 German Edition: Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998 Dennett I D. Dennett Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, New York 1995 German Edition: Darwins gefährliches Erbe Hamburg 1997 Dennett II D. Dennett Kinds of Minds, New York 1996 German Edition: Spielarten des Geistes Gütersloh 1999 Dennett III Daniel Dennett "COG: Steps towards consciousness in robots" In Bewusstein, Thomas Metzinger Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1996 Dennett IV Daniel Dennett "Animal Consciousness. What Matters and Why?", in: D. C. Dennett, Brainchildren. Essays on Designing Minds, Cambridge/MA 1998, pp. 337-350 In Der Geist der Tiere, D Perler/M. Wild Frankfurt/M. 2005 |
| Functions | Kauffman | I 407 Function/Kauffman: is simply put, a string of signs. Strings of signs affect other strings and produce new strings. They can be models for economy, molecules, chemicals, goods and services, etc. >Self-organization, >Character strings, >Molecules. |
Kau II Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995 Kauffman I St. Kauffman At Home in the Universe, New York 1995 German Edition: Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998 |
| Institutions | Ostrom | Brocker I 735 Institutions/Ostrom: Question: How do institutions emerge in groups and how do they change? For example, groundwater management in the Los Angeles area. Institution theory/tradition: typically assumes a Hobbesian state of nature without contracts and rules. OstromVsTradition: 1. This picture is inaccurate where people regularly meet. 2. Rule freedom must not be confused with the absence of rules. 3. If one starts from a state without any rules, a methodical problem arises that one must examine the actual emergence of institutions as a special process. This would obscure the view for solutions. Brocker I 736 Solution/Ostrom: using the example of the threat to the fresh water supply in Los Angeles from overexploitation and lowering of the groundwater table, Ostrom shows how the conflict between users is structured over a period of 30 years through court rulings and the creation of new administrative institutions. The participants by no means resign to their "dilemma" (OstromVsHardin, see Social goods/Hardin), but rather strive for a further development of overly permissive rules. Levels/administration: here again, as in the self-organization studied by Ostrom (see Self-organization/Ostrom), the interaction of several levels is decisive for the question of institutional procurement. Ostrom: The water reservoirs (basins) are not owned by anyone, they are managed by a polycentric group of dedicated public companies lead by private water companies and voluntary producers' associations. (...) Obviously, solving the problems required neither a central regulatory body nor a system of private property. (...) All parties are provided with the relevant information by a court-appointed water inspector (...) The informal sanctions were modest. Regular meetings of the parties involved offer mechanisms for conflict resolution. The organizational units were embedded in larger units. (1) Brocker I 737 Conclusion: Institutional procurement and change takes place in a process of gathering and exchanging experiences ("accumulation of institutional capital"). (2) The form of these processes is very individual and depends on the problem structure. Commonalities between successful common management systems (see Social Goods/Ostrom) exist in the construction principles (see Self-organisation/Ostrom). 1. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge 1990. Dt.: Elinor Ostrom, Die Verfassung der Allmende. Jenseits von Staat und Merkt, Tübingen 1999, p. 178f 2.Ibid. p. 246. Markus Hanisch, „Elinor Ostrom Die Verfassung der Allmende“, in: Manfred Brocker (Hg.) Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
EconOstr I Elinor Ostrom Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action Cambridge 1990 Brocker I Manfred Brocker Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
| Life | Kauffman | I 60 Primordial Soup/Kauffman: Earth's atmosphere mainly hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide. Vs: it should have been extremely diluted. Solution: new theory by Alexander Oparin, biophysicist, Soviet Union: When glycerine is mixed with other molecules, gel-like structures are formed which are called coacervates. Inside these structures, the molecular processes are isolated from the diluted aqueous environment. Life/Emergence/Stanley Miller, 1952: received amino acids from the primordial soup tracted with lightning in the laboratory. DNA: pure DNA does not replicate itself. This requires complex mixtures of protein enzymes. I 68 Life/Development/RNA/Kauffman: a naked, replicating RNA molecule would be conceivable. It would be a more promising candidate for the first living molecule. Practically never succeeds in experiments. There are only balls instead of stretched structures. DNA/RNA/Kauffman: 10 years ago (until 1985) it was believed that the two are largely inert chemical information stores. Then it was discovered that the RNA itself can act as enzymes! Ribozymes. They cut out their introns themselves. I 71 Life/Emergence/Kauffman: Assuming that such a molecule had been created. Could it have defied mutation-related destruction? Could it have gone through a development? 1. Vs: Both times: probably no! Problem: Error catastrophe. 2. KauffmannVs: it is unlikely because those bare RNA molecules are not complex enough. All living beings have a certain minimum complexity which cannot be undercut! The simplest living organisms, the bacteria "Pleuromona" already possess cell membranes, genes, RNA, particles for protein synthesis, proteins. Question: why is a system simpler than Pleuromona not viable? I 77 Life/Kauffman: Thesis: Life is not bound to the magical power of matrix replication, but is based on a deeper logic. Life is an inherent characteristic of complex chemical systems. As soon as the number of different types of molecules in a chemical soup exceeds a certain threshold, an autocatalytic metabolism suddenly occurs in a self-sustaining network of reactions. >Self-organisation. Life was already complex at the time of its creation and has remained so to this day. The roots reach deeper down than to the level of the double helix, they are based on the laws of chemistry itself. >Complexity. I 79 Life/Development/Kauffman: Assuming that the laws of chemistry would be somewhat different, e. g. nitrogen four instead of five valence electrons and therefore only four instead of five possible binding partners. Key: Catalysis. Life: Condition of emergence: catalytic closure. This is necessary, but not yet sufficient. >Necessity, >Sufficiency Chemistry/Reaction/Kauffman: in general, chemical reactions are reversible. >Symmetries, >Asymmetry. I 97 Life/Kauffman: thesis: the emergence of autocatalytic formations is almost inevitable. >Emergence. In more complex systems, the number of edges compared to the nodes is increasing. Molecules with the length L can be composed of smaller polymers in L-1 ways. I 107 All we need is sufficient molecular diversity. I 108 Life/Kauffman: Thesis: simple systems do not achieve catalytic closure. Life emerged in one piece and not in successive steps, and it has retained this holistic character to this day. |
Kau II Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995 Kauffman I St. Kauffman At Home in the Universe, New York 1995 German Edition: Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998 |
| Life | Mayr | I 21 Life/Mayr: in reality it is only the process of being-alive (as opposed to death) made to a thing, and does not exist as an independent entity! One can even attempt to explain that being-alive as a process can be the product of molecules that are not themselves alive. Life: what is "life", has been strongly controversial since the 16th century. A group always claims that living organisms did not really differ from non-living matter: the physicalists. Vitalists: living organisms have properties that inanimate matter lacks, which is why biological theories and concepts cannot be reduced to the laws of physics and chemistry. >Physicalism, >Vitalism. Today it is clear that both groups were, in a sense, right and wrong. Today: "Organism": unites the most useful from both and rejects the extremes. I 46 Life/Mayr: can be synthesized in the laboratory. Principally open systems, therefore subjected to the second main sentence of thermodynamics. Cf. >St. Kauffman, >Second Law of Thermodynamics. I 349 Def Life/Mayr: Activities of self-developed systems, controlled by a genetic program. >Self-organisation. Def Life/Rensch(1): Living beings are hierarchically ordered, open systems, predominantly organic compounds, which normally appear as circumscribed, cell-structured individuals of temporally limited constancy. Def Life/Sattler 1986(2): an open system that replicates and regulates itself, shows individuality, and subsists on energy from the environment. MayrVs: all contain superfluous and do not go into the genetic program, which is perhaps the most important. More description than definition. 1. R. Sattler (1986). Biophilosophy. Berlin: Springer. S. 228. 2. B. Rensch (1968). Biophilosophie. Stuttgart: G. Fischer. S. 54. |
Mayr I Ernst Mayr This is Biology, Cambridge/MA 1997 German Edition: Das ist Biologie Heidelberg 1998 |
| Order | Hayek | Mause I 104 Order/Hayek: Building on the ideas of Scottish Enlightenment philosophy and Adam Smith, Hayek created a comprehensive doctrine of "spontaneous order", i.e. political and economic self-organisation. (1) HayekVsSocial Engineering: "fateful arrogance". (2) This inevitably leads into the "path to bondage". (3) Cf. >Welfare state, >Social market economy, >Adam Smith. 1. Cf. F. A. Hayek, The constitution of liberty. London 1960. 2. F. A. Hayek The fatal conceit. The errors of socialism. The collected works of F.A. von Hayek, Vol. 1. London 1988. 3. F. A. Hayek The road to serfdom. Chicago 1944. |
Hayek I Friedrich A. Hayek The Road to Serfdom: Text and Documents--The Definitive Edition (The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Volume 2) Chicago 2007 Mause I Karsten Mause Christian Müller Klaus Schubert, Politik und Wirtschaft: Ein integratives Kompendium Wiesbaden 2018 |
| Order | Kauffman | Dennett I 306 Self-organization/Kauffman/Dennett: Kauffman's laws are not those of form, but of design, the compulsions of meta technology. >Laws/Kauffman, >Laws, >Laws of nature. Dennett I 308 Self-organization/Kauffman: the ability to evolve, i. e. the ability to search the area of opportunity, is optimal when populations are "melting out" of local regions. >Self-organisation. Local/Global/Self-organization/Technology/Kauffman: Local rules create global order. >Local/global. Dennett: mankind's technology is not governed by this principle. For example, pyramids are organized from top to bottom, but the building activity is of course from bottom to top. >Technology. Until the evolution of rational human technology, the rules run from local to global, then the direction is reversed. --- Kauffman I 9 Order/Human/Kauffman thesis: natural selection has not formed us alone, the original source of order is self-organization. The complex whole can show "emergent" characteristics in a completely unmystic sense, which are legitimate for themselves. >Complexity, >Emergence. Kauffman I 21 The human then no longer appears as a product of random events, but as the result of an inevitable development. >Life, >Humans. Kauffman I 18 Definition Rational Morphologists/Kauffman: (Darwin's predecessor): Thesis: biological species are not the product of random mutation and selection, but of timeless laws of shape formation. (Kauffman goes in a similar direction). Order/Physics/Kauffman: physics knows phenomena of profound spontaneous order, but does not need selection! Cf. >Selection. Kauffman I 30 Self-organization/Kauffman: thesis: certain structures occur at all levels: from ecosystems to economic systems undergoing technological evolution. >Ecosystems, >Economy. Thesis: all complex adaptive systems in the biosphere, from single-celled organisms to economies, strive for a natural state between order and chaos. Great compromise between structure and chance. >Structures, >Random. Kauffman I 38 Order/physics/chemistry/biology: two basic forms: 1. occurs in so-called energy-poor equilibrium systems: For example, a ball rolls into the middle of a bowl. For example, in a suitable aqueous solution, the virus particle composes itself of its molecular DNA (RNA) and protein components, striving for the lowest energy state. 2. type of order: is present when the preservation of the structure requires a constant substance or energy supply. (Dissipative). For example, a whirlpool in the bathtub. For example, the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. It is at least 300 years old, which is longer than the mean residence time of a single gas molecule in the vortex. It is a stable structure of matter and energy through which a constant stream of matter and energy flows. One could call it a living being: it supports itself and gives birth to "baby whirls". >Life/Kauffman. Cells, for example, are not low-energy, but rather complex systems that constantly convert nutrient molecules to maintain their inner structure and multiply. Kauffman I 115 Order/life/emergence/Kauffman: the autocatalytic formations must coordinate the behaviour of several thousand molecules. The potential chaos is beyond imagination. Therefore, another source of molecular order has to be discovered, of the fundamental internal homeostasis (balance). Surprisingly simple boundary conditions are sufficient for this. >Laws/Kauffman. |
Kau II Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995 Kauffman I St. Kauffman At Home in the Universe, New York 1995 German Edition: Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998 Dennett I D. Dennett Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, New York 1995 German Edition: Darwins gefährliches Erbe Hamburg 1997 Dennett II D. Dennett Kinds of Minds, New York 1996 German Edition: Spielarten des Geistes Gütersloh 1999 Dennett III Daniel Dennett "COG: Steps towards consciousness in robots" In Bewusstein, Thomas Metzinger Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1996 Dennett IV Daniel Dennett "Animal Consciousness. What Matters and Why?", in: D. C. Dennett, Brainchildren. Essays on Designing Minds, Cambridge/MA 1998, pp. 337-350 In Der Geist der Tiere, D Perler/M. Wild Frankfurt/M. 2005 |
| Seeing | Kauffman | I 18 Background/Seeing/Kauffman: the background can become the foreground and vice versa. No one is sufficient in itself. >Figure/Background, >Background, >Form, >Cognition, >Knowledge, >Life/Kauffman, >Self-Organization, >Order/Kauffman. |
Kau II Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995 Kauffman I St. Kauffman At Home in the Universe, New York 1995 German Edition: Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998 |
| Selection | Kauffman | Dennett I 550 Scientific camp: KauffmanVsSpencer: Stuart Kauffman: Order is created despite (environmental) selection. >H. Spencer, >Order/Kauffman. Kauffman I 46 Order/Biology/Kauffman: Order in the biosphere cannot be traced back to selection and self-organization at the same time! >Selection, >Self-organization. Life/Kauffman: life exists at the edge of chaos, possibly near some kind of phase transition. >Life/Kauffman. Kauffman I 229 Fitness landscape/Kauffman:"adaptive landscape". (see also Dennett: fitness landscape.) Thesis: Life is an adventure in the high mountains of the fitness landscape. Order/Kauffman: Thesis: also possible without selection. Today we need a new theoretical framework model. >Order/Kauffman. Kauffman I 233 Selection/Kauffman: it is not proven that the selection can also successfully accumulate the minor improvements. Smaller catastrophes can also accumulate in a population. (>Error catastrophe). Kauffman I 234 Evolution/Kauffman: Example of computer programs that are to perform an operation. Serial programs are extremely sensitive and accumulate errors. It takes more time than the age of the universe to find the "optimal program" among 10300. So the evolution of our lives must have been different. >Evolution, >Evolution/Kauffman. Kauffman I 238 Evolution/Optimization/Kauffman: Solution: perhaps evolution could first design a redundant program or organism and then compress it? Kauffman I 240 Kauffman: I guess this does not work. The gradual approach to the minimum length program is only useful if the program found at each level helps to find the program that is 1 shorter by the next level. Kauffman I 246 Evolution/Darwin/Selection/Kauffman: if the children of both parents are similar, the characteristics must not merge, otherwise the genetic variation would disappear after a few generations and the selection would no longer have an object. Solution: Mendelian inheritance: both forms appear again in the grandchildren. Question: Assuming that a gene in a population would have two alleles, can the selection increase the frequency of one allele? Yes! However, it depends on the structure of the fitness landscape. Kauffman I 248 Selection/Kauffman: our models of fitness landscapes show the limits of natural selection. (Local maximum represent end stations.) Kauffman I 253 Evolution/Kauffman: requires fitness landscapes that are not random. Probably favourable landscapes are created by self-organization. >Models/Kauffman. |
Kau II Stuart Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity New York 1995 Kauffman I St. Kauffman At Home in the Universe, New York 1995 German Edition: Der Öltropfen im Wasser. Chaos, Komplexität, Selbstorganisation in Natur und Gesellschaft München 1998 Dennett I D. Dennett Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, New York 1995 German Edition: Darwins gefährliches Erbe Hamburg 1997 Dennett II D. Dennett Kinds of Minds, New York 1996 German Edition: Spielarten des Geistes Gütersloh 1999 Dennett III Daniel Dennett "COG: Steps towards consciousness in robots" In Bewusstein, Thomas Metzinger Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1996 Dennett IV Daniel Dennett "Animal Consciousness. What Matters and Why?", in: D. C. Dennett, Brainchildren. Essays on Designing Minds, Cambridge/MA 1998, pp. 337-350 In Der Geist der Tiere, D Perler/M. Wild Frankfurt/M. 2005 |
| Selection | Kelly | I 1772 Selection/Adaption/Kelly: the old view on the adaptation was that the internal source (the mutation) caused a change, while external factors (the environment) selected or directed the development. >Mutation, >Evolution, >Adaption. New: the new view is that external (physical or chemical) conditions produce the forms, while internal factors (self-organization) make the selection. >Self-organization, cf. >St. Kauffman. |
Kelly I Kevin Kelly What Technology Wants New York 2011 |
| Social Goods | Ostrom | Brocker I 727 Social Goods/Ostrom: Ostrom thesis: Common goods (jointly used goods, social goods) can often be managed successfully and sustainably by their users themselves without the mandatory need for state supervision or individually shared private property. Brocker I 728 OstromVsTradition/OstromVsHardin: the conditions under which the actors in Garrett Hardin's contribution decide (see Social Goods/Hardin) are very restrictive and are by no means directly transferred to the reality of many common situations. OstromVsHardin/OstromVsOlson: (see Social Goods/Olson): The pessimistic findings of Hardin and Olson lead either to direct attention away from individual decisions and towards state solutions or to question the millennia-old institution of community property in principle or to ignore it in political decisions. (1) Solution/Ostrom: more attention must be paid to the problem-solving potential of local individuals. In traditional approaches, individuals are regarded as "prisoners" (2) Nor do they produce "relentless tragedies"(3) (OstromVsHardin). Brocker I 729 Questions: 1. How and by whom does it come to the provision of the common good management system, i.e. the organisational performance and the rules of the game? 2. how do users ("owners") and providers manage mutual credible commitments of participation and self-restraint? 3. How and by whom is the monitoring and sanctioning of compliance with such restrictions and rules of use? Brocker I 730 Ostrom thesis: Unlike in business theory or state theory, in a theory of the self-organisation of common goods we must assume that expenditure is the result of collective action and complex distributional tasks. See Collective Action/Ostrom, Self-Organization/Ostrom. Brocker I 737 Problems: Ostrom shows through examples of failed common management (coastal fishing cooperatives, forest management) that at least one of her 8 building principles of self-organization does not apply. (4) (See Self-Organization/Ostrom). Core elements of an analysis of collective actions are for Ostrom: institutional analysis, multi-level consideration and rational election actions. OstromVsTradition: the common problem can also be self-organized and solved sustainably. It does not necessarily require the division and entrepreneurial use of the common good through the individual allocation of private property rights or state paternalism or regulation. VsOstrom: she was criticised for her broad use of the term and for the fact that its methodological individualistic approach largely ignores the effect of structural elements such as social power relations. OstromVsVs: Ostrom showed that its research results could be made fruitful across disciplines, e.g. in resource economics, experimental economics and behavioral research. 1. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge 1990. Dt.: Elinor Ostrom, Die Verfassung der Allmende. Jenseits von Staat und Merkt, Tübingen 1999, p. 18 2. Ibid. p. 8 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. chap 5. Markus Hanisch, „Elinor Ostrom Die Verfassung der Allmende“, in: Manfred Brocker (Hg.) Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert. Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
EconOstr I Elinor Ostrom Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action Cambridge 1990 Brocker I Manfred Brocker Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
| Universe | Teilhard de Chardin | Kanitscheider II 177 Teilhard de Chardin/Kanitscheider: Forerunner of process theology. Thesis: Immanence of God in an incomplete and ever evolving world. omega point. Teilhard distinguishes between two types of energy, "tangential" (physical), "radial" (spiritual). With evolution, spiritual energy becomes denser and more concentrated, which is reflected in the emergence of intelligent living beings. In the end, the radial dominates the tangential energy. >Energy, >Process philosophy. KanitscheiderVsTeilhard de Chardin: doubling technique! The motivation for his theory lies in the belief, common at the time, that the second law forbids the growth of complexity. >Complexity, >Entropy, >Second law of thermodynamics. Solution: Self-organization allows that with the evolutionary growth of complex systems only the information increases, which does not contradict thermodynamics. >Self-organization. II 178 Kanitscheider: The substantial spiritualization process is incompatible with today's understanding of the growth in complexity. |
Teilhard I Pierre Teilhard de Chardin The Phenomenon of Man New York 1976 Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| |||
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author Vs Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luhmann, N. | Verschiedene Vs Luhmann, N. | II 48 System/closed/open: in system theory the comparison of closed and open systems is generally valid - with a certain preference for openness. Self-organisation/autopoiesis/openness: "Closedness of the self-referential mode of operation is rather a form of extension of possible environmental contact. VsLuhmann: here one could speak of two levels of description. Critics accuse Luhmann of blurriness here. II 119 SchäferVsLuhmann: morality has more to do with observance of norms than with respect, regardless of religious or other values. HabermasVsLuhmann: Vs Functionalization of the Concept of Truth. Even system theory itself cannot claim any particular validity for its statements. It is only one kind of action among others. Theory is action. But this can only be said again if one ultimately adopts a theoretical point of view outside of practice. II 142 SchäferVsLuhmann: this problem will be solved later by the not quite clean logically "re-entry". Kass.8 VsLuhmann: one always hears that this is terribly abstract. I did not want to deny abstractness either. VsLuhmann: his whole theory could never be proved empirically! VsLuhmann: it is logically inadmissible to handle paradoxes in this way. LuhmannVsVs: brings in the concept of "supervacuus": "superfluous" (actually "over-empty"). Question: if you cannot show with the terms how other things are connected and how not. If you start like this, then you cannot connect any more. The power of such a theory lies in inserting probes into an established theory to see if areas can be better covered. VsLuhmann: if you take the whole thing seriously, the system should also contain its own negation. Otherwise it is not perfectly autonomous. LuhmannVsVs: here I have to resort to my note box (with tens of thousands of notes): one note says that all other notes are wrong! Kass.11 Renate MeinsVsLuhmann: System Theory without action is like a lady without a lower abdomen. LuhmannVsMeins: in reality it is much worse, she has no body at all, it is not part of the social system. Meins: So what are you actually talking about? Luhmann: one only wants to dismiss the concept of action out of this gluing function between individual and society. AU Kass 5 Def Structures/Luhmann: are therefore expectations with regard to the connectivity of operations, be it of mere experience, be it of action and not in a sense that must be meant subjectively. VsLuhmann: a critique of this concept of expectation amounts to subjectivation. Subject/Object/System/Luhmann: for a theory that defines the structural concept of expectations, the subject/object distinction is insignificant at all. Johannes BergerVsLuhmann: expectation is subjective, and therefore useless for the more objective sociology. Luhmann: you will certainly also have experienced that one can statistically examine structures as objective facts. Without considering the thoughts of individual persons. Luhmann: but I try to get out of this System/Object distinction and replace it with the concept of the operation that a system actually performs when it performs it or the observation of this operation by the system or an external observer. Then expectation is no longer subjective, but it is only the question: how do structures reduce complexity? |
|
| Teilhard de Chardin | Kanitscheider Vs Teilhard de Chardin | II 176 Teilhard de Chardin/Kanitscheider: precursor of Process Theology. Thesis: Immanence of God in an incomplete and ever evolving world. Omega point. He distinguishes two types of energy, "tangential" (physical), "radial" (mental). The mental energy becomes denser and more concentrated with evolution, which is expressed in the emergence of intelligent living beings. In the end, the radial energy dominates the tangential energy. II 177 Supernatural/Religion/Theory/KanitscheiderVsMysticism/Kanitscheider: For example, if a goblin exerted a real additional force on the falling stone, it would have to fall faster. Teilhard de Chardin/Kanitscheider: precursor of Process Theology. Thesis: Immanence of God in an incomplete and ever evolving world. Omega point - two types of energy, "tangential" (physical), "radial" (mental) - the latter increases and prevails in the end. KanitscheiderVsTeilhard: Doubling effect - Solution: Self-Organisation. |
Kanitsch I B. Kanitscheider Kosmologie Stuttgart 1991 Kanitsch II B. Kanitscheider Im Innern der Natur Darmstadt 1996 |
| |||
The author or concept searched is found in the following theses of the more related field of specialization.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-Organization | Luhmann, N. | AU Cass 5 Self-Organisation / autopoiesis / Luhmann: to be seen from the thesis of the operational unity. Instead of a reverse declaration order of unity through self-organization, how it was proposed in the history of theory. |
|
| |||