Find counter arguments by entering NameVs… or …VsName.
The author or concept searched is found in the following 8 entries.
| Disputed term/author/ism | Author |
Entry |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ideology | Marx | Rothbard II 378 Ideology/Marx/Rothbard: Even Marx must dimly recognize that not 'material productive forces', not even 'classes', act in the real world, but only individual consciousness and individual choice. Even in the Marxian analysis, each Class, or the individuals within it, must become conscious of its 'true' class interests in order to act upon pursuing or achieving them. To Marx, each individual's thinking, his values and theories, are all determined, not by his personal self-interest, but by the interest of the class to which he supposedly belongs. This is the first fatal flaw in the argument; Why in the world should each individual ever hold his class higher than himself? Second, according to Marx, this class interest determines his thoughts and viewpoints, and must do so, because each person is only capable of 'ideology' or false consciousness in the interest ofhis class. He is not capable of a disinterested, objective search for truth, nor of pursuit of his own interest or of that of all mankind. MisesVsMarx/Rothbard: But, as von Mises has pointed out, Marx's doctrine pretends to be pure, non-ideological science, and yet written expressly to advance the class interest of the proletariat. But, while all 'bourgeois' economics and all other disciplines of thought were interpreted by Marx as false by definition, as 'ideological' rationalizations of bourgeois class interest, the Marxists were not consistent enough to assign to their own doctrines merely ideological character. The Marxian tenets, they implied, are not ideologies. They are a foretaste Rothbard II 379 of the knowledge of the future classless society which, freed from the fetters of class conflicts, will be in a position to conceive pure knowledge, untainted by ideological blemishes.(1) >Class conflict/Marx, >Historical materialism/Marx. David GordonVsMarx/Rothbard: If all thought about social and economic matters is determined by class position, what about the Marxist system itself? If, as Marx proudly proclaimed, he aimed at providing a science for the working Class, why should any of his views be accepted as true? Mises rightly notes that Marx's View is self-refuting: if all social thought is ideological, then this proposition is itself ideological and the grounds for believing it have been undercut. In his Theories of Surplus Value, Marx cannot contain his sneering at the 'apologetics' ofvarious bourgeois econo- mists. He did not realize that in his constant jibes at the class bias of his fellow economists, he was but digging the grave ofhis own giant work of propaganda on behalf of the proletariat.(2) >Surplus Value. MisesVsMarx/Rothbard: Von Mises also raises the point that it is absurd to believe that the interests of any class, including the capitalits, could ever be served better by a false than by a correct doctrine.(3) Capitalist ideology/MisesVsMarx/Rothbard: If the Marxian answer holds, as it has, that false theory is necessary to justify the existence of capitalist rule, then, as von Mises points out, from the Marxian point of View itself the theory should not be necessary. Since each class ruthlessly pursues its own interest, there is no need for the capitalists to justify their rule and their alleged exploitation to themselves. There is also no need to use these false doctrines to keep the proletariat subservient, since, to Marxists, the rule or the overthrow of a given social system depends on the material productive forces, and there is no way by which consciousness can delay this development or speed it up. Or, if there are such ways, and the Marxists often implicitly concede this fact, then there is a grave and self-defeating flaw in the heart of Marxian theory itself. Rothbard II 380 Higher classes/intellectuals/Mannheim/Rothbard: that way self-contradictory and self-refuting. In the twentieth century, Marxists such as the German sociologist Karl Mannheim attempted to elevate this escape-hatch into High Theory: that somehow, 'intellectuals' are able to 'float free', to levitate above the laws that determine all other classes. >Classes/Marx, >Class conflict/Marx. 1. Ludwig von Mises, Theory and History (1957, Auburn, Ala.: Mises Institute, 1985), p. 126. 2. David Gordon, 'Mises Contra Marx', The Free Market, 5 (July 1987), pp.2-3. 3. For the refutation of another, allied point in Marx's ideology doctrine, that each economic class has a different logical structure of mind ['polylogism'], see Ludwig von Mises, Human Action (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1949), pp. 72-91. Habermas IV 303 Ideology/Marx/HabermasVsMarx/Habermas: critical instruments such as the concept of ideology become blunt because a metatheoretical framework of sufficient complexity cannot be developed within one of the disintegrated paradigms (of action and systems theory). Solution/Parsons/Habermas: in Talcott Parsons these two lines of theoretical history (approach via action and system) converge again. >Talcott Parsons, >Systems theory, >Action theory. |
Marx I Karl Marx Das Kapital, Kritik der politische Ökonomie Berlin 1957 Rothbard II Murray N. Rothbard Classical Economics. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham 1995 Rothbard III Murray N. Rothbard Man, Economy and State with Power and Market. Study Edition Auburn, Alabama 1962, 1970, 2009 Rothbard IV Murray N. Rothbard The Essential von Mises Auburn, Alabama 1988 Rothbard V Murray N. Rothbard Power and Market: Government and the Economy Kansas City 1977 Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 |
| Marxism | Habermas | III 216 Marxism/Habermas: Hegel has become effective through an uncritical appropriation of the dialectical conceptual apparatus; the unity of theoretical and practical reason is built into the basic concepts of critique of political economy in such a way that the normative foundations of Marxian theory... III 217 ...have been darkened until today. >Pure Reason, >Practical Reason, >Ethics, >Theory of Knowledge, >G.W.F. Hegel. In Marxism this ambiguity was partly circumvented, partly concealed, but not actually eliminated: circumvented by the division of Marx' social theory into social research and ethical socialism (M. Adler); and concealed both by an orthodox connection to Hegel (Lukács, Korsch) and by an assimilation to the more naturalistic development theories of the 19th century (Engels, Kautsky). These theories form the bridge over which the topic of rationalization, which was initially dealt with in historical philosophy, was transferred to sociology.(1) >Sociology. IV 222 Lifeworld/Marxism/Habermas: the Marxist critique of bourgeois society starts with the circumstances of production because it accepts the rationalization of the lifeworld, but wants to explain the deformations of the rationalized lifeworld from conditions of material reproduction. >Lifeworld/Habermas. This approach requires a theory that operates on a broader basic conceptual basis than that of the "lifeworld". It must neither identify the environment with society as a whole nor reduce it to systemic contexts. >Society, >Systems, >Systems theory. IV 399 Marxism/VsCapitalism/Habermas: The starting point of all criticism of capitalism was the question of whether the conversion of prebourgeois normatively organized labor relations to the medium of money (see Money/Habermas, Money/Parsons), whether thus the monetization of the labor force IV 400 means an intervention in living conditions and areas of interaction which themselves are not integrated in the form of media and cannot be detached painlessly, i.e. without social-pathological effects, from structures of communication-oriented action. IV 504 Marxism/HabermasVsMarxism/Habermas: Marx's approach demands an economically abridged interpretation of the developed capitalist societies. For these, Marx rightly claimed an evolutionary primacy of the economy. However, this primacy must not tempt us to tailor the complementary relationship between the economy and the state apparatus to a trivial superstructure-based concept. Solution/Habermas: in contrast to the monism of value theory, we have to reckon with two control media and four channels through which two complementary subsystems subject the lifeworld to their imperatives. The reification effects can result equally from the bureaucratization and monetization of public and private spheres of life. IV 505 The economicist approach fails in view of the pacification of the class conflict and the long-term success that reformism has achieved in European countries since the Second World War in the broad sense of a social-democratic program. >Interventionism/Habermas. 1. J. Habermas Zur Rekonstruktion des Historischen Materialismus, Frankfurt, 1976. |
Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 |
| Rationalization | Habermas | III 22 Rationalization/Sociology/Habermas: Understanding rational action orientations becomes the point of reference for understanding all action orientations. For sociology, this means the following relationship between meta-theoretical and methodological level: a) At the metatheoretical level, it chooses basic concepts that are tailored to the increase in rationality of modern life. b) At the methodological level, the understanding of rational action orientations becomes a reference point for the understanding of all action orientations (>Theory of Meaningful Understanding). This is about internal relationships between meaning and validity. >Sociology, >Levels/order, >Levels of Description, >Theory, >Method. III 209 Rationalization/HabermasVsMarx/VsAdorno/VsHorkheimer/VsWeber/Habermas: the concept of rationality of these authors is too narrow to grasp the comprehensive social rationality they have in mind. >Rationality/Habermas, >Rationality/Adorno, >Rationality/Weber, >HabermasVsAdorno, >HabermasVsMarx, >HabermasVsWeber. The term would have to be used at the same level as the productive forces, the subsystems of functional rational action, the totalitarian bearers of instrumental reason. >Productive Forces/Habermas. That is not happening. The concept of action of these authors is not complex enough for this. >Actions/Habermas, >Action Systems/Habermas, >Action theory/Habermas. In addition, basic concepts of action and system theory must not be confused: LuhmannVsMarx, LuhmannVsWeber, LuhmannVsAdorno: the rationalization of action orientations and lifeworld structures is not the same as the increase in complexity of action systems.(1) >LuhmannVsWeber. III 457 Communicative action/rationalization/HabermasVsWeber/Habermas: only when we differentiate between communicative and success-oriented action in "social action" can the communicative rationalization of everyday actions and the formation of subsystems for procedural rational economic and administrative action be understood as complementary development. Although both reflect the institutional embodiment of rationality complexes, in another respect they are opposite tendencies. >Communicative action/Habermas, >Communication theory/Habermas, >Communication/Habermas, >Communicative practice/Habermas, >Communicative rationality/Habermas III 459 Rationalization/Habermas: the paradox of rationalization, of which Weber spoke, can be understood abstractly in such a way that the rationalization of the world allows a kind of system integration ((s) of subsystems with non-linguistic communication media such as money and power) that competes with the integration principle of ((s) linguistic) understanding and under certain conditions has a disintegrating effect on the world of life. >Lifeworld. IV 451 Rationalization/Modernism/HabermasVsWeber/Habermas: Weber could not classify the problems of legitimacy that a positivistically undermined legal rule raises within the pattern of rationalization of modern societies, because he himself remained imprisoned by legal-positivist views. >Legitimicy/Habermas. Solution/Habermas: Thesis: (p) The emergence (...) of modern societies requires the institutional embodiment of moral and legal concepts of a post-traditional nature, but (q) capitalist modernization follows a pattern according to which cognitive-instrumental rationality penetrates beyond the realms of economy and state into other, communicatively structured areas of life and takes precedence there at the expense of moral-practical and aesthetic-practical rationality. (r) This causes disturbances in the symbolic reproduction of the lifeworld. IV 452 Problem: a progressively rationalised lifeworld is simultaneously decoupled and made dependent on increasingly complex, formally organised areas of action such as economics and state administration. This takes sociopathological forms of internal colonization. To the extent that critical imbalances can only be avoided at the cost of disturbances in the symbolic reproduction of the lifeworld (i.e. of "subjectively" experienced crises or pathologies threatening identity). IV 486 Paradoxically, rationalization releases both at the same time - the systemically induced reification and the utopian perspective from which capitalist modernization has always inherited the stigma that it dissolves traditional forms of life without saving their communicative substance. >Reification 1.N. Luhmann, Zweckbegriff und Systemrationalität, Tübingen 1968. |
Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 |
| Reification | Marx | Habermas IV 502 Reification/Marx/HabermasVsMarx/Habermas: Marx cannot distinguish the aspect of reification in connection with the proletarianization of craftsmen, peasants and rural plebeians from the aspect of structural differentiation of the lifeworld. His concept of alienation is not sufficiently selective. The value theory (see Value Theory/Marx, Value Theory/Habermas) does not provide a basis for a concept of reification that would allow to identify syndromes of alienation relative to the degree of rationalization of a lifeworld achieved in each case. Habermas: on the level of post-traditional life forms, the pain counts that the separation of Habermas IV 503 culture, society and personality also adds to those who grow into modern societies, as a process of individualization and not as alienation. In a largely rationalized world, reification can only be measured by the conditions of communicative socialization at all, not by a nostalgically conjured, often romanticized past of pre-modern forms of life. |
Marx I Karl Marx Das Kapital, Kritik der politische Ökonomie Berlin 1957 Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 |
| Revolution | Marx | Habermas IV 499 Revolution/Marx/Habermas: Marx not only wants to show how the systemically independent process of self-exploitation of capital is experienced from the lifeworld perspective of wage workers as continuous exploitation, how the subsumption of labour power under the commodity form pulls workers out of their traditional living conditions, first uproots corporative ways of existence plebeianly and then proletarianises them. >Labor/Marx, >Labor Power/Marx, >Alienation/Marx, >Commodity. Rather, Marx drafts a practical-political perspective of action which, in its prerequisites, is exactly contrary to the perspective tacitly adopted by system functionalism. Systems theory presupposes that the process of instrumentalizing the lifeworld has already come to a conclusion. Habermas IV 500 In contrast, Marx envisages a future state in which the objective appearance of the capital has melted away and the world held captive under the dictates of value law has been returned to its spontaneity. He foresees the formation of a movement that seizes political power only to revolutionize society; together with private ownership of means of production, it will destroy the institutional foundations of the medium through which the capitalist economy has been differentiated and bring the systemically independent process of economic growth back into the horizon of the lifeworld. Terminology/Marx: In Marx, the system and lifeworld appear under the metaphors of the "realm of necessity" and the "realm of freedom". >Lifeworld. WeberVsMarx/Habermas: compared to Marx's revolutionary expectations that theoretical criticism only has to solve the magic that rests on the work that has become abstract, Weber is proved right: "that the abolition of private capitalism...would by no means mean a break-up of the steel housing of modern industrial work...".(1) >M. Weber. HabermasVsMarx: his error can be traced back to the dialectical link between system and environment analysis, which (...) does not allow a separation between the (...) Habermas IV 501 level of system differentiation and the class-specific forms of its institutionalization. >Lifeworld, >Systems Theory. Brocker I 203 Permanent Revolution/Marx: Marx already used the term "permanent revolution" for the first time in his paper "On the Jewish Question", 1844(4), where he declared the Jacobin rule in the French Revolution as a violent attempt to establish the political superstructure of bourgeois society. This can only be achieved by declaring the revolution permanent. The political drama therefore ends just as necessarily with the restoration of religion, private property, all elements of bourgeois society, as the war ends with peace.(2) >Judaism, >French Revolution, >Bourgeoisie. This had nothing to do with the idea of a permanent revolution to bring the proletariat to power. Permanent Revolution/Marx/Engels: later it is about making the revolution permanent and carrying it to all countries until the competition of the proletarians in these countries has stopped.(3) 1.M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, hrsg. v. J. Winckelmann, Köln 1964 2. Marx, Karl, »Zur Judenfrage« [1844], in: ders./Friedrich Engels, Werke, Berlin [DDR] 1956, Bd. 1, 347-377. 3. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, »Ansprache der Zentralbehörde an den Bund vom März 1850«, in: Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels, Werke, Berlin [DDR] 1960, Bd. 7, 244-254. 4. Karl Marx: Zur Judenfrage. In: Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, Paris 1844, S. 182 ff. |
Marx I Karl Marx Das Kapital, Kritik der politische Ökonomie Berlin 1957 Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 Brocker I Manfred Brocker Geschichte des politischen Denkens. Das 20. Jahrhundert Frankfurt/M. 2018 |
| Unemployment | Marx | Rothbard II 424 Unemployment/innovation/Marx/Rothbard: (…) where does the industrial reserve army come from in the first place? >Capitalism/Marx, >History/Marx. Rothbard: For Marx, it is the old bugaboo, technological unemployment. Industry is mechanized, and workers are thrown, presumably permanently, out of jobs. But what of the expansion of quantity demanded and ofproduction brought about by technological innovation? And what of the increased demand for production and resources in other industries that are freed by cheaper products in the technologically expanding industry? And what (…) of Iower wage rates as the free market way of maintaining full employment of labour? Innovation/Rothbard: Technological unemployment is an old and oft-discredited bogey. When automatic dialling for telephones was established, for example, there was a general piteous wail that the poor, beloved telephone operators would be thrown out of work by this productive, but heartless, innovation. And yet, of course, the Iower prices of telephone service resulted in an enormous expansion oftelephone's market, including a substantial increase in the number of telephone operators. Similarly, the number of workers in the construction industry have been increased not slashed, by the development of cranes, electric shovels, and other construction machinery, as compared to the good old days of hand shovels. All in all, for the technological unemployment argument to work as a way of demonstrating increasing impoverishment, not only would each successive technological innovation have to cause permanent unemployment, but the effect would have to accelerate over time, and thereby more than offset any equilibrating tendencies towards greater employment that the market might possess. >Technology/Marx. Habermas IV 302 Value Theory/Marx/Habermas: Question: How do the two forms of integration of contexts of action relate to each other, one that takes place in the consciousness of the actors as it were (>action theory) and the other that silently reaches through the actors' orientations (>system theory)? Solution/Hegel: in legal philosophy, Hegel solves this problem in the sense of an idealistic transition from the subjective to the objective mind. Solution/Marx: Marx introduces value theory in order to connect political-economic statements about the anonymous connections of a system with sociological-historical statements about the action connections, structured in the lifeworld, of actors, individuals or Habermas IV 303 collectives. HabermasVsMarx/HabermasVsHegel: these solution strategies have now lost their plausibility. Action and system theory can be understood as remaining parts of these approaches. |
Marx I Karl Marx Das Kapital, Kritik der politische Ökonomie Berlin 1957 Rothbard II Murray N. Rothbard Classical Economics. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham 1995 Rothbard III Murray N. Rothbard Man, Economy and State with Power and Market. Study Edition Auburn, Alabama 1962, 1970, 2009 Rothbard IV Murray N. Rothbard The Essential von Mises Auburn, Alabama 1988 Rothbard V Murray N. Rothbard Power and Market: Government and the Economy Kansas City 1977 Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 |
| Value Theory | Habermas | IV 494 Value Theory/Method/Habermas: Marx' value theory specifies rules according to which systematic statements (about anonymous value relationships) can be translated into historical statements (about interaction relations IV 495 between social classes). In this way, problems of system integration can be mapped at the level of social integration and be linked to the dynamics of class conflicts. IV 498 Method/HabermasVsMarx: it is a weakness of value theory that statements about the system or about the lifeworld are only possible as statements about a totality that holds both moments together. >System, >Lifeworld. It is assumed that there is a logical connection between system development and structural change in everyday life. Marx understands the unity of the system and the lifeworld (...) according to the model of the unity of a torn moral totality. >Totality. IV 499 This leads him to misunderstand the evolutionary intrinsic value of media-controlled subsystems (see Media/Habermas). Problem: this makes it impossible for Marx to present his perspective of action within the framework of his theory of revolution. IV 501 HabermasVsMarx: Marx lacks the criteria with which he could distinguish the destruction of traditional living environments. IV 503 HabermasVsMarx: another decisive weakness of value theory is the generalization of a special case of the subsumption of the lifeworld under system imperatives. The processes of reification does not need to necessarily occur only in the sphere in which they are created - in the world of work. They can also occur in private life. Value theory (however) calculates only with one channel, that of the monetization of labour. >Values/Economics, >Labour. |
Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 |
| Value Theory | Marx | Rothbard II 392 Value theory of Labour/Marx/Rothbard: (…) the delighted Marx found that Ricardian doctrine was, in effect, a quantity oflabour theory of value. Utility dropped out, and since only reproducible goods and not non-reproducible goods such as Rembrandt paintings were considered explainable, only the cost of production was considered a determinant of the embodied value of goods. And since Ricardo finessed 'rent' as allegedly not a part of cost, the only possible cost except labour hours was profit (interest) or cost of capital, and this was so small as to be readily neglected. Besides, profits are allegedly only a declining residual after the payment of wages, which are doomed to keep rising in money but not in real terms as population continues to press upon the food supply. In the gloomy Ricardian perspective, there are two logical paths towards a call for change in the status quo. For Marx the labour theory of value, the View that labour is the sole producer of value, meant that the capitalist's return, profit, constituted the exploitative extraction of 'surplus value' from the workers. The workers produce all value, but the capitalists are able somehow to coerce the workers into accepting wages that are below the full product.In fact, adopting the Malthusian-Ricardian View of population, the workers are paid a subsistence wage, while the capitalists extract the remainder Rothbard II 393 of the workers' product as their surplus value, or profit. Malthusianism: To the old Malthusian problem: wouldn't the same problem of overpopulation foil a socialist economy? the Marxian answer was that such an iron law of wages (to adopt the term of Lassalle) would not apply under socialism. >Value theory/Engels, >Classes/Marx. RothbardVsMarx: Oddly, neither Marx nor his critics ever realized that there is one place in the economy where the Marxian theory of exploitation and surplus value does apply: not to the capitalist-worker relation in the market, but to the relation of master and slave under slavery. Since the masters own the slaves, they indeed only pay them their subsistence wage: enough to live on and reproduce, while the masters pocket the surplus of the slaves' marginal product over their cost of subsistence. This surplus value extracted from the Slave constitutes the profits of the masters from slave-ownership. In the free society, in contrast, the workers, owning their own bodies and their own labour, pocket their full marginal product (discounted, as an Austrian would add, by the interest return the labourers freely and willingly pay to the capitalists for advancing them the value of their production now rather than wait until after the product is produced and sold). Rothbard: (….) [Marx] also found very handy the Smithian concept (…) that only material commodities, and not immaterial services, constitute production or value. Material goods are frozen labour, whereas immaterial labour services are, in Marxian terms, 'non-productive'. In this area, Marx took a giant step backwards from Ricardo to Adam Smith. All this, however, fitted neatly into Marxian philosophical materialism. >Historical materialism/Marx, >Value/Ricardo. Marx also found that Ricardo had already treated all labour as homogeneous, With any differences in quality simply weighted by some sort of index to reduce them to quantity of labour hours. >Labour. Frozen labour/value/RothbardVsMarx: After all, the Ricardians could and did say that capital earned profits from their supplying workers With capital goods, with 'frozen labour'. Such a service is clear, otherwise the workers would not have had to rely on capitalists for money while working on the product. Marx's reply, that capital goods, being frozen labour, should be owned by the workers Rothbard II 394 misses the point that something, some service must have been added by the capitalists - which (…) was essentially savings and, if we may put it that way, who were advancing the workers' 'frozen time'. >Commodity/Marx. Habermas IV 302 Value Theory/Marx/Habermas: Question: How do the two forms of integration of contexts of action relate to each other, one that takes place in the consciousness of the actors as it were (>action theory) and the other that silently reaches through the actors' orientations (>system theory)? Solution/Hegel: in legal philosophy, Hegel solves this problem in the sense of an idealistic transition from the subjective to the objective mind. Solution/Marx: Marx introduces value theory in order to connect political-economic statements about the anonymous connections of a system with sociological-historical statements about the action connections, structured in the lifeworld, of actors, individuals or Habermas IV 303 collectives. HabermasVsMarx/HabermasVsHegel: these solution strategies have now lost their plausibility. Action and system theory can be understood as remaining parts of these approaches. Mause I 69 Labor theory of value/Marx: Karl Marx (1818-1883) can in some respects be described as a classical economist: Like the representatives of the classical school, he concentrated on production and supply conditions and economic growth and its determinants; Marx' labor theory of values is essentially the same as that of Ricardo. >D. Ricardo. |
Marx I Karl Marx Das Kapital, Kritik der politische Ökonomie Berlin 1957 Rothbard II Murray N. Rothbard Classical Economics. An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Cheltenham 1995 Rothbard III Murray N. Rothbard Man, Economy and State with Power and Market. Study Edition Auburn, Alabama 1962, 1970, 2009 Rothbard IV Murray N. Rothbard The Essential von Mises Auburn, Alabama 1988 Rothbard V Murray N. Rothbard Power and Market: Government and the Economy Kansas City 1977 Ha I J. Habermas Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne Frankfurt 1988 Ha III Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. I Frankfurt/M. 1981 Ha IV Jürgen Habermas Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns Bd. II Frankfurt/M. 1981 Mause I Karsten Mause Christian Müller Klaus Schubert, Politik und Wirtschaft: Ein integratives Kompendium Wiesbaden 2018 |
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