Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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David C. Funder on Situations - Dictionary of Arguments
Corr I 27 Situations/Funder: The key question of psychology is: what causes people to behave the way they do? It is the question, whether behaviour is mainly determined by the characteristic personality of the individual, or his or her immediate situation (Mischel 1968(1); Kenrick and Funder 1988(2)). Among other implications, the debate seemed to pit two major sub-fields of psychology against each other: personality psychology, which generally emphasizes the influence of the person, and social psychology, which emphasizes the situation (Funder and Ozer 1983(3); Ross and Nisbett 1991(4)). Strong effects of situations and strong effects of persons can and often do coexist in the very same data, and the degree to which a given behaviour is affected by one of these variables may be unrelated to the degree to which it is affected by the other. Corr I 28 FunderVsLewin/BanduraVsLewin: (Bandura 1978 (5)) we will need One is P = f (S,B) (i.e., to know everything about a person entails knowledge of what he or she would do in any situation). This notion resembles Mischel’s (1999)(6) ‘if . . . then’ conception in which an individual’s personality is represented in terms of his or her characteristic pattern of behaviour across situations (see Shoda, Mischel and Wright 1994(7)). The other formula is S = f (P,B) (complete understanding of a situation entails knowing what any person would do in it), reminiscent of Bem and Funder’s (1978(8)) ‘template matching’ conception which described situations in terms of the people who would behave in specified ways within them. Corr I 29 Situations/Asendorpf/Funder: are difficult to define: question’. One problem concerns where to set the boundaries. For example, one might very simply describe a situation in terms of place or locality,…((s) where this locality may be a country or a shop.) Temporal dimension: a snapshot of the exact and complex arrangement of all things physical, psychological and social at a particular moment in time. But because every moment is always different from the next, this approach makes it difficult to state where one situation ends and the next begins. A second definitional problem involves perspective. See >Situations/Murray. Corr I 31 Level 1: macro/physico-biological/environmental. At this level, the broadest of the three, a situation is simply the raw sensory information available to us, unfiltered by perception. Level 2: meso/canonical/consensual. This level of description refers to properties of the situation that are consensual in a social, cultural and sociological way. Level 3: micro/subjective/functional. The micro/subjective/functional level describes the psychological demand-properties of the situation as it registers on the individual. Cf. >Situations/Murray. 1. Mischel, W. 1968. Personality and assessment. New York, NY: Wiley 2. Kenrick, D. T. and Funder, D. C. 1988. Profiting from controversy: lessons from the person-situation debate, American Psychologist 43: 23–34 3. Funder, D. C. and Ozer, D. J. 1983. Behaviour as a function of the situation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44: 107–12 4. Ross, L. and Nisbett, R. E. 1991. The person and the situation: perspectives of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill 5. Bandura, A. 1978. The self-system in reciprocal determinism, American Psychologist 33: 344–58 6. Mischel, W. 1999. Personality coherence and dispositions in a cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) approach, in D. Cervone and Y. Shoda (eds.), The coherence of personality: social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability and organization, pp. 37–60. New York: Guilford Press 7. Shoda, Y., Mischel, W. and Wright, J. C. 1994. Intraindividual stability in the organization and patterning of behaviour: incorporating psychological situations into the idiographic analysis of personality, Journal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67: 674–87 8. Bem, D. J. and Funder, D. C. 1978. Predicting more of the people more of the time: assessing the personality of situations, Psychological Review 85: 485–501 Seth A Wagerman & David C. Funder, “Personality psychology of situations”, in: Corr, Ph. J. & Matthews, G. (eds.) 2009. The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Funder, David C. Corr I Philip J. Corr Gerald Matthews The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology New York 2009 Corr II Philip J. Corr (Ed.) Personality and Individual Differences - Revisiting the classical studies Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne 2018 |
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Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2024-04-26